Guimin
Guimin | |
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гӯймин | |
Pronunciation | [gʉːjˈmin] |
Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
Date | 2022 |
Setting | Dagestan, Russian Federation |
Indo-European
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Early form | |
Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [gʉːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.
Etymology
Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.
Orthography
Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.
А а | А̄ а̄ | Ав ав | А̄в а̄в | Авъ авъ | А̄въ а̄въ | Ай ай | А̄й а̄й | Айъ айъ | А̄йъ а̄йъ |
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/ɑ/ | /ɑː/ | /ɑu/ | /ɑuː/ | /ɑuˤ/ | /ɑuˤː/ | /ɑi/ | /ɑiː/ | /ɑiˤ/ | /ɑiˤː/ |
Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дж дж | Дз дз | Е е | Е̄ е̄ |
/b/ | /w/ | /g/ | /ʁ/ | /h/ | /d/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡z/ | /je/ | /jeː/ |
Ё ё | Ё̄ ё̄ | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ | Иъ иъ | Ӣъ ӣъ | Й й | К к |
/jo/ | /joː/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /i/ | /iː/ | /iˤ/ | /iˤː/ | /j/ | /k/ |
Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Ккь ккь | Кӏ кӏ | Ккӏ ккӏ | Къӏ къӏ | Кьӏ кьӏ | Ккьӏ ккьӏ | Л л |
/kː/ | /qː/ | /t͡ɬ/ | /t͡ɬː/ | /kʼ/ | /kʼː/ | /qʼː/ | /t͡ɬʼ/ | /t͡ɬʼː/ | /l/ |
Лл лл | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | О о | О̄ о̄ | П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Ппӏ ппӏ |
/ɬː/ | /ɬ/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /oː/ | /p/ | /pː/ | /pʼ/ | /pʼː/ |
Р р | Рр рр | Ръ ръ | С с | Сс сс | Т т | Тт тт | Тӏ тӏ | Ттӏ ттӏ | У у |
/r/ | /r̥ː/ | /r̥/ | /s/ | /sː/ | /t/ | /tː/ | /tʼ/ | /tʼː/ | /u/ |
Ӯ ӯ | Уъ уъ | Ӯъ ӯъ | Ф ф | Фф фф | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Цц цц |
/uː/ | /uˤ/ | /uˤː/ | /f/ | /fː/ | /x/ | /xː/ | /χː/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡sː/ |
Цӏ цӏ | Ццӏ ццӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ччӏ ччӏ | Ш ш | Шш шш | Щ щ | Ы ы |
/t͡sʼ/ | /t͡sʼː/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃː/ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | /t͡ʃʼː/ | /ʃ/ | /ʃː/ | /ʃː/ | /ɨ/ |
Ы̄ ы̄ | Ыъ ыъ | Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ | Э э | Э̄ э̄ | Ю ю | Ю̄ ю̄ | Юъ юъ | Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ | Я я |
/ɨː/ | /ɨˤ/ | /ɨˤː/ | /e/ | /eː/ | /ju/ | /juː/ | /juˤ/ | /juˤː/ | /jɑ/ |
Я̄ я̄ | Ӏ ӏ | Ә ә | Ә̄ ә̄ | Әъ әъ | Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ | Әв әв | Ә̄в ә̄в | Әвъ әвъ | Ә̄въ ә̄въ |
/jɑː/ | /ʔ/ | /æ/ | /æː/ | /æˤ/ | /æˤː/ | /æu/ | /æuː/ | /æuˤ/ | /æuˤː/ |
Әй әй | Ә̄й ә̄й | Әйъ әйъ | Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ | ||||||
/æi/ | /æiː/ | /æiˤ/ | /æiˤː/ |
- ⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
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Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
Stop | Voiceless | p | pː | t | tː | k | kː | qː | ʔ | |||||
Ejective | pʼ | pʼː | tʼ | tʼː | kʼ | kʼː | qʼː | |||||||
Voiced | b | d | g | |||||||||||
Affricate | Voiceless | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬ | t͡ɬː | |||||||
Ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʼː | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼː | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ɬʼː | ||||||||
Voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | Voiceless | f | fː | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | x | xː | χː | h | |
Voiced | w | z | ʒ | ʁ | ||||||||||
Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ː | |||||||||||
Voiced | r |
- /ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
- Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
- Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
- Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental.
- Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ].
- Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ].
- Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected.
- Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected.
- /w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels.
- /w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
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High | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
High pharyngealized | iˤ | iˤː | ɨˤ | ɨˤː | uˤ | uˤː |
Close-mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
Low | æ | æː | ɑ | ɑː | ||
Low pharyngealized | æˤ | æˤː |
æi | æiː | æiˤ | æiˤː |
æu | æuː | æuˤ | æuˤː |
ɑi | ɑiː | ɑiˤ | ɑiˤː |
ɑu | ɑuː | ɑuˤ | ɑuˤː |
- /æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords.
- /u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː/ are realized as /ʉ, ʉː, ɵ, ɵː, ɐ, ɑː/ if the following syllable contains /i, iː, iˤ, iˤː, e, eː/.
- /u/ in diphthongs is realized as /ɵ/.
- /iˤ, iˤː, ɨˤ, ɨˤː, uˤ, uˤː, æˤ, æˤː/ are realized as /e, eː, ɘ, ɘː, o, oː, ɘ, ɘː/ word-finally after pharyngealized consonants.
- /e, o/ are in free variation with [ɛ, ɔ].
- Epenthetic [ɘ] is optionally inserted between morphemes, most often between obstruents of different voicing/fortition.
Prosody
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).
Phonotactics
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially.
Morphology
Alignment
Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns
Nouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.
Some nouns also mark
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Demonstratives and pronouns
Pronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender.
Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive сә is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.
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Locative casesA number of locative cases can be applied to nouns (including demonstratives and pronouns).
Locative suffixes are applied to the ergative stem of the noun, and in plural nouns follows ergative plural marking. VerbsGuimin has 22 light verbs from which all others are derived. They inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice, patient number and gender, and other optional categories.
Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative. AdjectivesAdjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender. (inflection tables here) Absolutive singular adjectives optionally mark gender with prefixes тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)- for masculine, feminine, and neuter respectively. Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles е and бәч respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case. EvidentialityWitness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ыг and гӯ respectively. Gnomic clauses use neither particle. Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine кӏу, feminine кӏо, neuter ккӏа. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial. Negation and prohibitivesClauses are negated with a verb clitic ни-, or an emphatic equivalent вэ̄-. These clitics can also function as preceding particles to negate individual words, and as negative interjections. Prohibitive verbs are marked with a preceding particle мӣ plus imperative inflection. PostpositionsNumeralsGuimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.
Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ, other ordinals are marked by -(ы)тӏ. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by -ар and -ла respectively. Derivational morphologyAdverbs are formed with -э̄. Part-of-speech modifiersSyntaxConstituent orderThe predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible. Noun and verb phrasesDependent clausesDependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive. Example textsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄. Гӯ NWIT мәнвис human.ABS-PL.ABS виъсәм all-M.PL.ABS муъкӏтӏмими free-ADJ.NZ-COM гьу and вэ̄кьӏмими equal-ADJ.NZ-COM карә̄мэ̄с dignity-SG.GEN2 гьу and гьуъкъӯкъә̄м right.PL-PL.GEN2 упӏрә. make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
Гӯ NWIT әъкь reason гьу and виджд conscience дӯрә give.PFV.PASS.M.PL гьу and тӣнтӏзәм do.PFV.PRES.M.PL такэ̄ should бырэ̄тӏ brother гӯъдэчэ̄. be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV Linguifex-hosted translationsConlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translationsOther resources |