Rugic English

Rugic English (native: English) is the Rugic counterpart to real-life English.

Rugic English
English
Pronunciation	[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Rugic Western Rugic Rugic English

Phonology

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA A a a [eɪ] B b bee [biː] C c cee [siː] D d dee [diː] E e e [iː] F f eff [ɛf] G g gee [d͡ʒiː] H h haitch [heɪt͡ʃʰ] I i i [aɪ]

Letter Name IPA J j jay [d͡ʒeɪ] K k kay [kʰeɪ] L l el [ɛɫ] M m em [ɛm] N n en [ɛn] O o o [oʊ] P p pee [pʰiː] Q q que [kʰjuː] R r ar [ɑɹ]

Letter Name IPA S s ess [ɛs] T t tee [tʰiː] U u u [juː] V v vee [viː] W w double-u [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː] X x ex [ɛkʰs] Y y wye [waɪ] Z z zed [zɛd]

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify.

Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.

Comparative

The positive comparative is formed in two ways:

• The suffix -er.
• Preceding the adjective with the word flore "more".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

Superlative

The positive superlative is formed in two ways:

• The suffix -est
• Preceding the adjective with the word flost "most".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

Adverbs

Adverbs of manner

Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ly.

Comparative and superlative

The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

• Definite article: the /ðə, (stressed) ðiː/
• Indefinite article (only in the singular):
• Before consonants: a /ə, (stressed) ʌ/
• Before vowels: an /ən, (stressed) ʌn/

Pronouns

Person/ Number	Subject	Object	Possessive
			Adjective	Pronoun
1S	oar /ɔr/	me /miː/	my /maɪ/	mine /maɪn/
2S (arch.)	thou /ðaʊ/	thee /ðiː/	thy /ðaɪ/	thins /ðaɪn/
3SM	se /siː/	sim /sɪm/	sis /sɪz/	sis /sɪz/
3SF	she /ʃiː/	ser /sɜr/	ser /sɜr/	sers /sɜrz/
3SN	sie /saɪ/	sie /saɪ/	sies /saɪz/	sies /saɪz/
1P	ne /niː/	no /nuː/	neer /nɪr/	neers /nɪrz/
2S+P	we /wiː/	wo /wuː/	weer /wɪr/	weers /wɪrz/
3P	they /ðeɪ/	them /ðɛm/	their /ðɛr/	theirs /ðɛrz/

Numerals

Rugic English numerals

	Cardinal		Ordinal		Fractional
	Orth.	IPA	Orth.	IPA	Orth.	IPA
0	null; zero	/nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/	nullth; zeroeth	/ˈnʊlθ/; /ˈziːroʊəθ/	–	–
1	one	/wʌn/	firm	/fɜrm/	–	–
2	two	/tuː/	second	/ˈsɛkənd/		//
3	three	/θriː/	third	/θɜrd/	third	/θɜrd/
4	hure	/hjɔr/	hureth	/hjɔrθ/	quarter	/kwɔrtər/
5	fiɡh	/faɪ/	fiɡht	/faɪt/
6	siss	/sɪs/	sist	/sɪst/	sist	/sɪst/
7	sift	/sɪdft/	sifth	/sɪftθ/	sifth	/sɪftθ/
8	eight	/eɪt/	eighth	/eɪtθ/	eighth	/eɪtθ/
9	newn	/n(j)uːn/	newnth	/n(j)uːnθ/
10	tisen	/ˈtɪzən/	tisenth	/ˈtɪzənθ/
11	onge	/ɒndʒ/	ongem	/ˈɒndʒɪm/	ongem	/ˈɒndʒɪm/
12	dodge	/dɒdʒ/	dodgem	/ˈdɒdʒɪm/	dodgem	/ˈdɒdʒɪm/
13	tredge	/trɛdʒ/	tredgem	/ˈtrɛdʒɪm/	tredgem	/ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
14	quattorge	/ˈkwɒtərdʒ/	quattorgem	/kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/	quattorgem	/kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
15	kinge	/kɪndʒ/	kingem	/ˈkɪndʒɪm/	kingem	/ˈkɪndʒɪm/
16	sedge	/sɛdʒ/	sedgem	/ˈsɛdʒɪm/	sedgem	/ˈsɛdʒɪm/
17	setditch	/ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/	setditchem	/ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/	setditchem	/ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
20	waint	/weɪnt/	waintem	/ˈweɪntɪm/	waintem	/ˈweɪntɪm/
21	waint-une	/ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/	waint-prime	/ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/	waint-prime	/ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
30	traint	/treɪnt/	traintem	/ˈtreɪntɪm/	traintem	/ˈtreɪntɪm/
40	quarent	/ˈkwɔrɪnt/	quarentem	/ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/	quarentem	/ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
50	chinkent	/ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/	chinkentem	/ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/	chinkentem	/ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
60	sixent	/ˈsɪksɪnt/	sixentem	/ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/	sixentem	/ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
70	settent	/ˈsɛtɪnt/	settentem	/ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/	settentem	/ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
80	aughtent	/ˈɔːtɪnt/	aughtentem	/ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/	aughtentem	/ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
90	novent	/ˈnoʊvɪnt/	noventem	/ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/	noventem	/ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
100	chent	/tʃɛnt/	chentem	/ˈtʃɛntɪm/	chentem	/ˈtʃɛntɪm/
1000	mill	/mɪl/	millem	/ˈmɪlɪm/	millem	/ˈmɪlɪm/
10⁶	million	/ˈmɪl.jən/	millionem	/mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/	millionem	/mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.

Personal endings

The following personal endings are used in the present tense:

• -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
• -(e)st in the archaic second person singular

Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.

Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms.

Tenses

As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.

The future is formed with the modal verb woll "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).

Voice

The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.

Non-finite forms

Infinitive: at + present stem

Bare infinitive: present stem

Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt

Past participle: past stem

Negation and Interrogation

Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word newn /n(j)uːn/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as 'n).

Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:

• You cant. "I sing." > You fay newn cant. "I do not sing." / You fay'n cant. "I don't sing."
• Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
• Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
• Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fetch weethe. "They did see."

Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:

• Ill pote newn dorm. "He may not sleep." / Ill pote'n dorm. "He mayn't sleep."
  • Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation pote'n "mayn't" is not archaic.
• Derry ill mange? "Should he eat?"

Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:

• You cant newn. "I sing not."
• Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
• Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"

Examples of verbs

Regular - cant /kænt/, canteve /ˈkæntɪv/, cantet /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"

Conjugation of at cant "to sing"

Infinitive		at cant
Present participle		cantent
Past participle		cantet
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	cant	canteve
tou	cantest	cantevest	cant
ill/ell/louth	cants	canteve
noose	cant	canteve
woose	cant	canteve	cant
lie	cant	canteve

Irregular - cathe /keɪð/, case /keɪz/ "to fall"

Conjugation of at cathe "to fall"

Infinitive		at cathe
Present participle		cathent
Past participle		case
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	cathe	case
tou	cathest	casest	cathe
ill/ell/louth	cathes	case
noose	cathe	case
woose	cathe	case	cathe
lie	cathe	case

Irregular - die /daɪ/, dix /dɪks/, dight /daɪt/ "to say"

Conjugation of at die "to say"

Infinitive		at die
Present participle		dient
Past participle		dight
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	die	dix
tou	diest	dixest	die
ill/ell/louth	dies	dix
noose	die	dix
woose	die	dix	die
lie	die	dix

Irregular - est /ɛst/, fow /foʊ/, estet /ˈɛstət/ "to be"

Conjugation of at est "to be"

Infinitive		at est
Present participle		estent
Past participle		estet
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	son	fow
tou	ist	fowst	est
ill/ell/louth	is	fow
noose	son	fore
woose	son	fore	est
lie	son	fore

• is /ɪz/
• ist /ɪst/
• son /sʌn/
• fore /fɔr/

Irregular: have /hæv/, hat /hæt/ "to have"

Conjugation of at have "to have"

Infinitive		at have
Present participle		havent
Past participle		hat
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	have	hat
tu	hast	hatst	have
ill/ell/louth	has	hat
noose	have	hat
woose	have	hat	have
lie	have	hat	have

Irregular - fay /feɪ/, fetch /fɛtʃ/, faight /feɪt/ "to do"

Conjugation of at fay "to do"

Infinitive		at fay
Present participle		fayent
Past participle		faight
	Present	Past	Imperative
you	fay	fetch
tou	fayest	fetchest	fay
ill/ell/louth	fays	fetch
noose	fay	fetch
woose	fay	fetch	fay
lie	fay	fetch

• fays /fɛz/
• fayest /fɛst/

Modal verbs

• woll /wʊl/ "will"
  • Can contract as 'll.
  • Contracts with newn as wo'n /woʊn/.
• woulce /wʊls/ "would"
  • Can contract as 'lce.
• shy /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
• shiss /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
• deve /diːv/ "shall"
• deuce /d(j)uːs/ "must"
• derry /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
• pote /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
• pouts /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"

-->

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Tense

|- | Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/ |- | Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/ |- | Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/ |- | Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/ |- | Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/ |- | Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/ |- |}

Parts of the day - Parts de le yorn

English	Yutch
day	yorn /jɔrn/
dawn	alb /ælb/
morning	mattin /ˈmatɪn/
noon	middy /ˈmɪdi/
afternoon	apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
evening	seer /sir/
dusk	wesper /ˈwɛspər/
night	naught /nɔːt/
midnight	midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/

Units of time - Units de tense

English	Yutch
second	second /ˈsɛkənd/
minute	minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
hour	hour /ˈaʊər/
day	yorn /jɔrn/
week	smane /ˈsmeɪn/
month	meese /miːs/
season	saison /ˈseɪzən/
year	ann /æn/

Time adverbs - Tense adverbs

English	Yutch
now	awore /əˈwɔr/
then	lorce /lɔrs/
recently, a short time ago	recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
earlier	setter /ˈsɛtər/
soon, shortly	toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
later	tarder /ˈtardər/
always	sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
often	sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
sometimes	awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
rarely	rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
never	namace /ˈnæməs/
ever	yamace /ˈjæməs/
still, yet	ancor /'æŋkər/
already	yay /jeɪ/
today	oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
tonight	anought /əˈnɔːt/
yesterday	ear /ir/
last night	detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
tomorrow	demane /dəˈmeɪn/
before yesterday	avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
two nights ago	doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
after tomorrow	apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
this week	chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
last week	detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
next week	proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/

Colours - Colours

Colours - Colours

English	Yutch
white	blank /blæŋk/
grey	grice /ɡraɪs/
black	nare /nɛr/
red	roy /rɔɪ/
orange	orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
brown	brune /bruːn/
yellow	gall /ɡɔːl/
green	word /wɜrd/
blue	blaw /blɔː/
pink	rose /roʊz/
purple	purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
golden	daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/

-->

Example texts

Other resources

Swadesh list