Oltic
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| Oltic | |
|---|---|
| Λῦτικη, Литике | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [ɫîtike] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2021 |
| Setting | Olt County, Romania; Pleven Province, Bulgaria |
Indo-European
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Early forms | |
Oltic /ˈoʊltɪk/ (Oltic: Λῦτικη, Литике [ɫîtike]) is a Celtic language spoken by the intersection of the rivers Olt and Danube.
Linguifex documentation of Old and Middle Oltic are c. 400 BC and 400 AD respectively.
Etymology
Both Λῦτικη and Oltic are derived from the river Olt, in Ancient Greek (Ἄλυτος, through Old Oltic αλυτικη, Middle λυτικη) and English respectively.
Orthography
Oltic is written with the Greek and Cyrillic scripts.
| Α α | Αι αι | Β β | Γ γ | Γγ γγ | Γλ γλ | Γν γν | Γρ γρ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /ɛ/ | /v/ | /ɣ,j/ | /ᵑg,ⁿd͡ʑ/ | /ʎ/ | /ɲ/ | /ʑ/ |
| Γϝ γϝ | Δ δ | Ε ε | Ει ει | Ζ ζ | Η η | Θ θ | Ι ι |
| /ᵑgʷ,ⁿd͡ʑʷ/ | /ð/ | /e/ | /e/ | /z/ | /ɛ/ | /f/ | /i,j,ɲ,∅/ |
| Κ κ | Γκ γκ | Λ λ | Μ μ | Μβ μβ | Μπ μπ | Ν ν | Νδ νδ |
| /k,t͡ɕ/ | /ᵑg,ⁿd͡ʑ/ | /l,ʎ/ | /m/ | /ᵐb/ | /ᵐb/ | /n,ɲ/ | /ⁿd/ |
| Ντ ντ | Ξ ξ | Ο ο | Οι οι | Ου ου | Π π | Ρ ρ | Σ σ/ς |
| /ⁿd/ | /xs/ | /o̞/ | /e/ | /u/ | /p/ | /r,ʑ/ | /s/ |
| Τ τ | Υ υ | Υι υι | Φ φ | Χ χ | Ω ω | Ϝ ϝ | |
| /t/ | /i,f,m,v/ | /i/ | /f/ | /x,ɕ/ | /o̞/ | /ɣʷ,ɥ/ | |
| ά | ᾶ | ὰ | Ϊ ϊ | Ϋ ϋ | |||
| /á/ | /â/ | /ǎ/ | /i,j/ | /i,j/ | |||
| А а | В в | Г г | Гв гв | Д д | Ђ ђ | Ђв ђв | Е е | Ж ж |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /v/ | /ɣ/ | /ɣʷ/ | /ð/ | /ⁿd͡ʑ/ | /ⁿd͡ʑʷ/ | /e/ | /ʑ/ |
| З з | И и | Ј ј | Јв јв | К к | Л л | Љ љ | М м | Мб мб |
| /z/ | /i/ | /j/ | /ɥ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /ʎ/ | /m/ | /ᵐb/ |
| Нв нв | Нг нг | Нд нд | Н н | Њ њ | О о | П п | Р р | С с |
| /ᵑgʷ/ | /ᵑg/ | /ⁿd/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /o̞/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ |
| Т т | Ћ ћ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ш ш | Ѣ ѣ | ||
| /t/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /u/ | /f/ | /x/ | /ɕ/ | /ɛ/ |
Phonemic values given above are for Modern Oltic.
- In Old Oltic...
- ⟨ει ηι⟩ are /ɛi/.
- ⟨ωυ⟩ is not used; ⟨ου⟩ is both of /u(ː) ɔu/.
- ⟨φ θ⟩ are /pʰ tʰ/; ⟨χ⟩ is both of /kʰ x/.
- An additional letter ⟨Ͳ ͳ⟩ is /sː/.
- In Middle Oltic...
- ⟨θ σσ⟩ are /θ t͡s/.
- ⟨ι⟩ is /j/ when not vocalic or marking a palatal consonant, as opposed to ⟨γι⟩ /ʝ/.
- Old and Middle Oltic lack diacritics other than diaereses.
Phonology
Consonants
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- /l/ is in free variation with [ɫ].
- /r/ is in free variation with [ɾ].
- Prenasalized consonants are plain phrase-initially and before consonants.
- /s,z/ before alveopalatal consonants are variably realized as [ɕ,ʑ].
- /sj,zj/ are variably realized as [sj,zj], [ɕj,ʑj], or [ɕ,ʑ].
- In Old and Middle Oltic /n/ assimilates in place to following consonants.
- In Middle Oltic voiceless stops and voiced fricatives become voiced stops after nasals.
Vowels
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- /a/ is most often realized as [ɐ].
- /i,u/ may be devoiced or elided after voiceless consonants.
- /ɛ/ merges into /e/ after velar consonants.
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| yi | |
| ɛi eu | ɔu |
| au |
Pitch accent
| High | Falling | Rising |
|---|---|---|
| á | â | ǎ |
Prosody
Stress is variable but in native words is word-initial or root-initial.
Phonotactics
Oltic maximal syllables are CCCVCC
Morphology
Alignment
Oltic has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns
Nouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter.
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Final consonants in nominative singular consonant-stem nouns reduce as follows.
| δ, ζ, θ, σ, τ | -ς | -ς |
|---|---|---|
| β, γ, κ, ξ, π, φ, χ, ψ, ϝ | -ξ | |
| λ, μ, ν, ρ | -{λ/ν/ν/ρ}ς |
Pronouns
Unlike nouns, pronouns do not inflect. See Contionary for Old and Middle forms.
| sg | pl | poss.sg | poss.pl | refl | recp | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μί | σνίς | μοί | ὰσρον | ζεῖμ | μίζε | |
| 2 | τού | ζίς | τωύ | ζὲσρος | ζεῖτ | τούζε | |
| 3 | m | ές | εῖς | ζῶ | ζεῖς | σεῖ | |
| f | σί | σῖ | ζῆς | ζὲς | |||
| n | έδ | εῖδ | ζῶν | ζεῖδ | |||
| q/rel | m/f | πεῖς | |||||
| n | πίδ | ||||||
| indef | πέ | ||||||
| neg | νέπε | ||||||
Verbs
Verbs inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice (though some verbs are deponent), and subject person and number. Some verbs have suppletive marking for future tense.
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- Participles are o-stem adjectives, but when used adverbially may have no suffix.
- Active gerunds are consonant-stem nouns, and outside of nominative singular end in -ν-.
- Mediopassive gerunds are o-stem nouns.
- Old and Middle Oltic also have an infinitive form -ουνει for all conjugations.
Some 1st-conjugation verbs with historical *-y- infixes have irregular changes in -τ- forms and -ζος, most often loss of stem-final ι-, "shortening" of the previous vowel (η, ει, ωυ becoming α, ε, ο and/or falling tone becoming high or rising tone), or stem-final ζ- becoming a different consonant.
Copula
The copula inflects for the same categories as other verbs, plus positive and negative forms, and prohibitive forms of the negative.
Conjugation
| έσσι conjugation (irregular) | sg | pl | ptcp | ger | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| pos | ind | act | pres | ές | έσι | έσσι | άσμου | άσσε | άσοντι | άσοντος | έζος |
| pst.pfv | έσσου | έσσες | ές | άσσομου | άσσετε | άσσον | άσομνος | ||||
| pst.ipfv | έσνεν | εῖσιτου | έσε | άσμες | άσσες | άσεντες | |||||
| fut.pfv | έσην | έσησι | έσητι | άσημες | άσητε | άσηντι | |||||
| fut.ipfv | έστην | έστησι | έστητι | άστημες | άστητε | άστηντι | |||||
| mid | pres | έσου | έσσα | έσσο | άσμο | άζε | άσοντο | άσσιος | |||
| pst.pfv | άσσουνς | άσσος | άσσουος | ||||||||
| pst.ipfv | έσσει | άσεντις | άζος | ||||||||
| fut.pfv | έση | έσητα | έσητο | άσημο | άσηϝε | άσηντο | |||||
| fut.ipfv | έστη | έστητα | έστητο | άστημο | άστηϝε | άστηντο | |||||
| imp | act | έσι | άσσις | ||||||||
| mid | έσσα | άϝε | |||||||||
| sg | pl | ptcp | ger | ||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| neg | ind | act | pres | νῖς | νῖσι | νῖσσι | νῖσμου | νῖσσε | νῖσοντι | νῖσοντος | νῖζος |
| pst.pfv | νῖσσου | νῖσσες | νῖς | νῖσσομου | νῖσσετε | νῖσσον | νῖσομνος | ||||
| pst.ipfv | νῖσνεν | νῖσιτου | νῖσε | νῖσμες | νῖσες | νῖσεντες | |||||
| fut.pfv | νῖσην | νῖσησι | νῖσητι | νῖσημες | νῖσεητε | νῖσεηντι | |||||
| fut.ipfv | νῖστην | νῖστησι | νῖστητι | νῖστημες | νῖστεητε | νῖστεηντι | |||||
| mid | pres | νῖσου | νῖσσα | νῖσσο | νῖσμο | νῖζε | νῖσοντο | νῖσσιος | |||
| pst.pfv | νῖσσουνς | νῖσσος | νῖσσουος | ||||||||
| pst.ipfv | νῖσσει | νῖσεντις | νῖζος | ||||||||
| fut.pfv | νῖση | νῖσητα | νῖσητο | νῖσημο | νῖσηϝε | νῖσηντο | |||||
| fut.ipfv | νῖστη | νῖστητα | νῖστητο | νῖστημο | νῖστηϝε | νῖστηντο | |||||
| imp | act | νῖσι | νῖσσις | ||||||||
| mid | νῖσσα | νῖϝε | |||||||||
| proh | act | νῆ | νῆσσις | ||||||||
| mid | νῆσσα | νῆσϝε | |||||||||
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, gender, and definiteness. They may also be marked as comparative or superlative.
| o-stem | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| def | nom | -ος | -οι | -η | -ης | -ον | -η | |
| voc | -ε | |||||||
| acc | -ον | -ους | -ην | |||||
| gen | -ι | -ον | -ης | -ον | -ι | -ον | ||
| indef | nom | -οσες | -οις | -ησι | -ησσι | -ονεδ | -ηδ | |
| voc | -ες | |||||||
| acc | -ονες | -ουσες | -ηνσι | |||||
| gen | -ις | -ονες | -ησσι | -ονσι | -ιδ | -ονεδ | ||
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| comp | def | nom | -ιος | -ιοι | -ιη | -ιης | -ιον | -ιη |
| voc | -ιε | |||||||
| acc | -ιον | -ιους | -ιην | |||||
| gen | -ιι | -ιον | -ιης | -ιον | -ιι | -ιον | ||
| indef | nom | -ιοσες | -ιοις | -ιησι | -ιησσι | -ιονεδ | -ιηδ | |
| voc | -ιες | |||||||
| acc | -ιονες | -ιουσες | -ιηνσι | |||||
| gen | -ιις | -ιονες | -ιησσι | -ιονσι | -ιιδ | -ιονεδ | ||
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| sup | def | nom | -αμος | -αμοι | -αμη | -αμης | -αμον | -αμη |
| voc | -αμε | |||||||
| acc | -αμον | -αμους | -αμην | |||||
| gen | -αμι | -αμον | -αμης | -αμον | -αμι | -αμον | ||
| indef | nom | -αμοσες | -αμοις | -αμησι | -αμησσι | -αμονεδ | -αμηδ | |
| voc | -αμες | |||||||
| acc | -αμονες | -αμουσες | -αμηνσι | |||||
| gen | -αμις | -αμονες | -αμησσι | -αμονσι | -αμιδ | -αμονεδ | ||
| i-stem | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| def | nom | -ις | -ις | -ις | -ις | -ι | -ιη | |
| voc | -ι | -ι | ||||||
| acc | -ιν | -ιν | ||||||
| gen | -εις | -ιον | -εις | -ιον | -εις | -ιον | ||
| indef | nom | -ισες | -ισες | -ισσι | -ισσι | -ιδ | -ιηδ | |
| voc | -ις | -ισι | ||||||
| acc | -ινες | -ινσι | ||||||
| gen | -εισες | -ιονες | -εισσι | -ιονσι | -εισεδ | -ιονεδ | ||
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| comp | def | nom | -ιις | -ιις | -ιις | -ιις | -ιι | -ιη |
| voc | -ιι | -ιι | ||||||
| acc | -ιιν | -ιιν | ||||||
| gen | -ιεις | -ιον | -ιεις | -ιον | -ιεις | -ιον | ||
| indef | nom | -ιισες | -ιισες | -ιισσι | -ιισσι | -ιιδ | -ιηδ | |
| voc | -ιις | -ιισι | ||||||
| acc | -ιινες | -ιινσι | ||||||
| gen | -ιεισες | -ιονες | -ιεισσι | -ιονσι | -ιεισεδ | -ιονεδ | ||
| m | f | n | ||||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | |||
| sup | def | nom | -αμις | -αμις | -αμις | -αμις | -αμι | -αμιη |
| voc | -αμι | -αμι | ||||||
| acc | -αμιν | -αμιν | ||||||
| gen | -αμεις | -αμιον | -αμεις | -αμιον | -αμεις | -αμιον | ||
| indef | nom | -αμισες | -αμισες | -αμισσι | -αμισσι | -αμιδ | -αμιηδ | |
| voc | -αμις | -αμισι | ||||||
| acc | -αμινες | -αμινσι | ||||||
| gen | -αμεισες | -αμιονες | -αμεισσι | -αμιονσι | -αμεισεδ | -αμιονεδ | ||
- Superlative -α- is dropped after vowel-final stems.
Negation
Noun, adjective, and adverb negation is marked with a preclitic νε. A prefix αν- is also often used to negate adjectives and adverbs, and is used derivationally in adjectives and other parts of speech.
Verb negation is marked with a preceding negative copula; the negated verb is variably marked as if not negated or as a participle modifying the negative copula.
Numerals
Oltic uses base-10 numerals.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal | άνος | οίνος | ϝαύ (m/n) ϝῖ (f) |
τρῖς (m/n) τίρες (f) |
πεὺρες (m/n) πὲτρες (f) |
πέμπε | ζέξ | σέχταν | ῶχτου | γϝᾶν | δέκαν |
| Ordinal | άντος | κέντος | ῆλος | τρίτιος | πεὺριος | πέμπετος | ζέχτος | σέχταντος | ῶχταντος | νὰντος | δὲκαντος |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | |
| Cardinal | δέκοινος | δέκϝαυ | δέκτρις | δέπευρες | δέπεμπε | δέξεξ | δέξεχταν | δέκοχτου | δέγϝαν | ϝῖκαντι | ϝῖκαντι άπε οίνος |
| Ordinal | δὲκοινοντος | δὲκϝαντος | δὲκτριντος | δὲπευριος | δὲπεμπετος | δὲξεχτος | δὲξεχταντος | δὲκοχταντος | δὲγκαντος | ϝὶκαντος | ϝῖκαντι άπε κέντος |
| 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 200 | 1,000 | 1,000,000 | |
| Cardinal | τρῖκον | πέγρακον | πέμπεκον | ζέξκον | σέχταγκον | ῶχτηκον | γϝᾶγκον | κάντον | ϝαύκαντον | χιλιάς | μιλιόν |
| Ordinal | τρῖκοντος | πέγρακοντος | πέμπεκοντος | ζέξκοντος | σέχταγκοντος | ῶχτηκοντος | γϝᾶγκοντος | κὰντοντος | ϝαύκαντοντος | χιλιόστος | μιλιόντος |
Άνος, οίνος, and ordinal numerals inflect as o-stem adjectives.
Syntax
Constituent order
Oltic word order is flexible but predominantly SVO.
Noun and verb phrases
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1
Ωύλοι ζόνιοι χρίοι άπε αυκεῖντινοι δίγνιτης άπε κωὺραχτον γῆνοντο. Χρόδηντο μέγμαναν άπε κονθῶγνιγϝον άπε λίγοντο γνίοντοι σεῖ αῦρε βρῆτιι ὰνζι.
Овле зоње хрие апе афћендине дињитѣс апе коврахтон генондо. Хродѣндо мегманан апе конфоњинвон апе логондо љионде се авре врѣтии анзи.
Ωύλ-οι
all-M.PL.NOM.DEF
ζόνι-οι
person-PL.NOM
χρί-οι
free-M.PL.NOM.DEF
άπε
and
αυκεῖντιν-οι
equal-M.PL.NOM.DEF
δίγνιτ-ης
dignity-SG.GEN
άπε
and
κωὺρ-αχτ-ον
right-NZ-PL.GEN
γῆν-οντο.
be_born-3PL.MID.PRES
Χρόδ-ηντο
give-3PL.MID.PRES
μέγμ-αναν
mind-SG.ACC
άπε
and
κονθῶγνιγϝ-ον
conscience-SG.ACC
άπε
and
λίγ-οντο
should-3PL.MID.PRES
γνί-οντ-οι
do-PRES.PTCP-M.PL.NOM.DEF
σεῖ
3.RECP
αῦρε
with
βρῆτ-ι-ι
brother-NZ-SG.GEN
ὰνζ-ι.
spirit-SG.GEN