Umbrean/Examples

Verb

Active - Example of active voice where the wolf is in ergative case and the speaker is in accusative case. Notice how the verbs VAT vowel is conjugated according to the object/Patient and not the subject.

fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw

fššed-yss tsümj ǧlov-ëssw

wolf-erg.s.indf 1s.acc bite-1.aff.ind.act.pst.prf

A wolf bit me

Anti-Passive - Anti-passive voice, notice how the VAT vowel conjugates into a negative sense and only goes with the subject but also that it can take on a general or undefined meaning.

fššedy ǧlovets

fššed-y ǧlov-ets

wolf-int.s.indf bite-1.neg.ind.antip.prs.cont

A wolf is not biting
wolves don't bite

Passive - Passive voice, notice positive VAT and subject agreement

tswë ǧlovukwš

tswë ǧlov-ukwš

1s.int bite-1.aff.ind.pas.past/prs.term

I stopped being bitten
I am stopping being bitten