First Phonology
Consonants
Mode / POA |
Labial |
Dental |
Palatal |
Velar
|
Voiceless Plosive
|
p |
t |
ty |
k
|
Voiced Plosive
|
b |
d |
dy |
g
|
Prenasalised Plosives 1
|
mb |
nd |
ndy |
ngg
|
Nasals
|
m |
n |
ny |
ng 2
|
Prestopped Nasals 1, 2
|
pm |
tn |
tny |
(kng)
|
Fricatives 3
|
(f) |
s |
sy |
(h)
|
Liquids
|
w |
l |
y |
|
Rhotics3, 4
|
|
r |
|
gh
|
- Prenasalised plosives and their prestopped nasal counterparts can only occur between vowels
- Rhotics have to come after a vowel
- The velar nasal generally doesn't come word initially
- The velar rhotic is often not pronounced
Second Phonology
(Japonic, Okinawan, Arabic, Mongolic and god knows what else -inspired)
Consonants
Manner |
Labial |
Dental |
Palatal |
Guttural
|
Plosives
|
p~f |
t |
c |
k
|
Prenasalised
|
mb |
nd |
nj |
ng
|
Nasals
|
m |
n |
|
|
Prestopped
|
pm |
tn |
|
|
Fricatives
|
|
s |
x |
h
|
Sonorants
|
w |
l~r |
|
|
Consonant-vowel combinations
|
a |
i |
u |
e |
o
|
Ø
|
あ [a~ɑ] |
い [i] |
う [u~ɯ] |
え [e] |
お [o]
|
K
|
か [ka] |
き [k̟i] |
く [ku] |
け [k̟e] |
こ [k̠o]
|
G
|
が [ⁿga] |
ぎ [ⁿg̟] |
ぐ [ⁿgu] |
げ [ⁿg̟e] |
ご [ⁿg̠o]
|
S
|
さ [sa] |
し [ɕi] |
す [su] |
せ [se] |
そ [so]
|
Z
|
ざ [ⁿza] |
じ [ⁿʑi] |
ず [ⁿzu] |
ぜ [ⁿze] |
ぞ [ⁿzo]
|
T
|
た [ta] |
ち [tɕi] |
つ [t(s)u] |
て [te] |
と [to]
|
D
|
だ [ⁿda] |
ぢ [ⁿdʑi] |
づ [ⁿd(z)u] |
で [ⁿde] |
ど [ⁿdo]
|
N
|
な [na] |
に [ni] |
ぬ [nu] |
ね [ne] |
の [no]
|
H
|
は [ha] |
ひ [ç~ɕi] |
ふ [h~fu] |
へ [he] |
ほ [ho]
|
(P)
|
ぱ [p~fa] |
ぴ [p~fi] |
ぷ [p~fu] |
ぺ [p~fe] |
ぽ [p~fo]
|
B
|
ば [ⁿba] |
び [ⁿbi] |
ぶ [ⁿbu] |
べ [ⁿbe] |
ぼ [ⁿbo]
|
M
|
ま [ma] |
み [mi] |
む [mu] |
め [me] |
も [mo]
|
Y
|
や [ja] |
|
ゆ [ju] |
|
よ [jo]
|
R
|
ら [l~ra] |
り [l~ri] |
る [l~ru] |
れ [l~re] |
ろ [l~ro]
|
W
|
わ [wa] |
ゐ [wi] |
|
ゑ [we] |
を [wo]
|
|
ん /N/ ex: あんま = /amma/ かんべ /kambe/
|
|
っ /ʔ/ ex: あっま = /apma/ やった /jat:a/
|