Tigol/Morphology
< Tigol
Old Tíogall is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Tíogall. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Old Tíogall inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsoma/ 'he does not find' (modern soṁ)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·derp /niːˈderp/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern dearb)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīs tússan |
soṁain < somynis ní·soṁ < nīs somyn |
as·tóċtan ní·assaċt |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīs tússar |
soṁair < somyris ní·soṁar < nīs somyr |
as·tóċar < astósācoris ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor |
dor·coḃar ní·derpar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīs tússam |
soṁaiṁ < somymis ní·soṁ < nīs somym |
as·tóċ < astósācomis ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi |
soṁaé < somysis ní·soṁaé < nīs somysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosis ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ní·derpaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ní·tús < nīs tússa |
soiṁ < somis ní·soṁ < nīs somy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē |
sommae < somymēs ní·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomēs ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ní·derpaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīs tússant |
soṁait < somyntis ní·soṁat < nīs somynt |
as·tóċat < astósācontis ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont |
dor·coḃat ní·derpat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce |
soṁaisc < somysces ní·soṁasc < nīs somysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosces ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ní·derpaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat |
soṁaiḋ < somytis ní·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācotis ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ní·derpaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is formed with reduplication as in Thensarian.
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | téussain < tétussanis ní·téuss < nīs tétussan |
séṁain < sésomynis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomyn |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 2SG | téussair < tétussaris ní·téussar < nīs tétussar |
séṁair < somyris ní·séṁar < nīs sésomyr |
as·teccar ní·astóċar |
dor·coḃar ní·derpar |
| 3SG.M | téussaiṁ < tétussamis ní·téuss < nīs tétussam |
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomym |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 3SG.F | téussaé < tétussasis ní·téussaé < nīs tétussasi |
séṁaé < sésomysis ní·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi |
as·teccaé ní·astóċaé |
dor·coḃaé ní·derpaé |
| 3SG.N | téuss < tétussas ní·téuss < nīs tétussa |
séṁ < sésomis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomy |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 1EX | téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ní·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē |
sémmae < sésomymēs ní·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē |
as·teccaiṁ ní·astóċaiṁ |
dor·coḃaiṁ ní·derpaiṁ |
| 1IN | téussait < tétussantis ní·téussat < nīs tétussant |
séṁait < sésomyntis ní·séṁat < nīs sésomynt |
as·teccat ní·astóċat |
dor·coḃat ní·derpat |
| 2PL | téussaisc < tétussasces ní·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce |
séṁaisc < sésomysces ní·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce |
as·teccaisc ní·astóċaisc |
dor·coḃaisc ní·derpaisc |
| 3PL | téussaiḋ < tétussatis ní·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat |
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ní·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt |
as·teccaḋ ní·astóċaḋ |
dor·coḃaḋ ní·derpaḋ |
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem |
siṁnim < siminnemis ní·siṁinn < nīs siminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·deirpinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ |
siṁí < simivȳs ní·siṁí < nīs simivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·deirpí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
siṁim < simismis ní·siṁim < nīs simismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·deirpim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
siṁis < simistis ní·siṁis < nīs simisti |
as·tóċais < astósācostis ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·deirpis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
siṁeo < simisos ní·siṁeo < nīs simiso |
as·tóċá < astósācosos ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·deirpeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
siṁmir < simimeris ní·siṁmer < nīs simimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·deirpmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
siṁdir < siminteris ní·siṁder < nīs siminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·deirpder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
siṁscir < simisceris ní·siṁscer < nīs simisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·deirpscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
siṁṫir < simiteris ní·siṁṫer < nīs simiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·deirpṫer |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | tústain < tússatēnis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn |
sóitin < sontēnis ní·sóit < nīs sontēn |
as·tóċtan ní·assaċt |
dor·coċtan ní·derċtan |
| 2SG | tústair < tússatēris ní·tústar < nīs tússatēr |
sóitir < sontēris ní·sóiter < nīs sontēr |
as·tóċtar ní·assaċtar |
dor·coċtar ní·derċtar |
| 3SG.M | tústaiṁ < tússatēmis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm |
sóitiṁ < sontēmis ní·sóit < nīs somym |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 3SG.F | tústaé < tússatēsis ní·tústaé < nīs tússatēsi |
sóité < sontēsis ní·sóité < nīs somysi |
as·tóċtaé ní·assaċt |
dor·coċtaé ní·derċtaé |
| 3SG.N | túsaiḋ < tússatēs ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē |
sóit < sontēs ní·sóit < nīs sontē |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 1EX | tústaiṁ < tússatēmēs tústaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē |
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ní·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm |
as·tóċtaiṁ ní·assaċtaiṁ |
dor·coċtaiṁ ní·derċtaiṁ |
| 1IN | tústait < tússatēntis ní·tústat < nīs tússatēnt |
sóitit < sontēntis ní·sóitet < nīs sontēnt |
as·tóċtat ní·assaċtat |
dor·coċtat ní·derċtat |
| 2PL | túsatisc < tússatēsces ní·tústaisc < nīs tússatēsce |
sóitisc < sontēsces ní·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce |
as·tóċtaisc ní·assaċtaisc |
dor·coċtaisc ní·derċtaisc |
| 3PL | tústaiḋ < tússatētis ní·tústaḋ < nīs tússatēt |
sóitiḋ < sontētis sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt |
as·tóċtaḋ ní·assaċtaḋ |
dor·coċtaḋ ní·derċtaḋ |