User:Ceige/Japonic experiments
Bantu Bants
Convenient Consonant Mappings
| Bantu | ⇒ | Japonic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grapheme | Phoneme | Grapheme | Phoneme | |
| m | m | m | m | |
| p | p | p | p | |
| b | β | w | ɰᵝ | |
| n | n | n | n | |
| t | t | t | t | |
| d | d~l | r | ɺ | |
| ɲ | ɲ | n | n | |
| c | c | s | s | |
| j | j | j | j | |
| k | k | k | k | |
| g | ɣ | ∅ | ∅ | |
Less Convenient Vowel Mappings
| Bantu | ⇒ | Japonic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel | Allophone | Vowel | Descendant | |
| i | i | i, ui, ǝi | i, i₂ | |
| ɪ | e | ai, ǝi | e₂ | |
| e | ɛ | ia, iǝ | e₁ | |
| a | a | a | a | |
| u | u | u | u (ɯᵝ ?) | |
| ʊ | o | ǝ | o₂ | |
| o | ɔ | ua, uǝ | o₁ | |
Cool Phonological Laws
Both
- CV except for prenasalised consonants
- Both are bitonic
Bantu
- Prenasalised voiceless plosives are rarer than voiced
- Prenasalised consonants can appear at the start of an utterance.
Japonic
Sources include: WP:Old Japanese#Restrictions
- "Words do not begin with r or the voiced plosives b, d, z and g, with the exception of a few loanwords." (WP 2018)
- "A bare vowel does not occur except for word-initially: vowel sequences were not permitted." (WP 2018)
- "Arisaka's Law states that -o2 is generally not found in the same morpheme as -a, -o1 or -u." (WP 2018)
- Japanese vowel devoicing (especially for closed vowels /i/ and /u/)
- Rendaku & Lyman's law, which prevents more than one voiced obstruent per morpheme (but not in the compound as a whole).
Test Grammar
Classes
- mǝ- = locative-y, indirect
- nǝ- = things
- kǝ- = approximative, manner
- pa- = locative
- wǝ- = abstract, indefínitive?
- i- = locative, defínitive?
| Number | Bleek 1869 |
Meinhof 1932 |
Meeussen 1967 |
Guthrie 1971 |
Welmers 1974 |
Demuth 2000 |
Odden Forthc. |
Ceige 20XX |
Typical meaning(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | mǝ- | Humans, animate |
| 2 | *ba- | *ʋa- | *ba- | *ba- | *va- | *va- | *ba- | wa- | Plural of class 1 |
| 3 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | mǝ- | Plants, inanimate |
| 4 | *mɪ- | *mi- | *mɪ- | *me- | *mɪ- | *mɪ- | *mɪ- | mǝi- | Plural of class 3 |
| 5 | *dɪ-, *lɪ- | *li- | *i- | *ji- | *lɪ- | *lɪ- | *di- | nǝi- | Various |
| 6 | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | *ma- | ma- | Plural of class 5, liquids (mass nouns) |
| 7 | *kɪ- | *ki- | *kɪ- | *ke- | *kɪ- | *kɪ- | *kɪ- | kǝi- | Various, diminutives, manner/way/language |
| 8 | *pi- | *ʋɪ- | *bi- | *bi- | *ʋi-, *li- ("8x") | *ʋi-, *di- | *bi- | wi- | Plural of class 7 |
| 9 | *n- | *ni- | *n- | *nj- | *nɪ- | *n- | *n- | ni- | Animals, inanimate |
| 10 | *thin- | *lɪ, ni- | *n- | *nj- | *li-nɪ- | *di-n- | *n- | ni-, nǝi- | Plural of class 9 and 11 |
| 11 | *lʊ- | *lʊ- | *dʊ- | *do- | *lʊ- | *lʊ- | *dʊ- | nǝ- | Abstract nouns |
| 12 | *ka- (13) | *ka- (13) | *ka- | *ka- | *ka- | *ka- | *ka- | ka- | Diminutives |
| 13 | *tʊ- (12) | *tʊ- (12) | *tʊ- | *to- | *tʊ- | *tʊ- | *tʊ- | tǝ- | Plural of class 12 |
| 14 | *bʊ- | *ʋʊ- | *bʊ- | *bo- | *ʋʊ- | *ʋʊ- | *bʊ- | wǝ- | Abstract nouns |
| 15 | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *ko- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | kǝ- | Infinitives |
| 16 | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | *pa- | pa- | Locatives (proximal, exact) |
| 17 | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *ko- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | *kʊ- | kǝ- | Locatives (distal, approximate) | |
| 18 | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mo- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | *mʊ- | mǝ- | Locatives (interior) | |
| 19 | *pɪ- | *pi- | *pi- | *pi- | *pi- | *pi- | pi- | Diminutives | |
| 20 | *ɣu- | (u-) | Putative | ||||||
| 21 | *ɣɪ- | (i-) | Augmentative | ||||||
| (22) | |||||||||
| 23 | *i (24) | (i-) | Locative |
Cf. This table on Wikipedia and its qualifying notes, esp. RE the semantics
Test Vocab
- *mbʊa [HL] 'dog'
- ɴpǝ, ɴpa, ɴpua -> bo, po ; wo
- *-lia 'eat'
- nia -> ne
- *ma-béele 'breasts'
- ma-wairai? -> ere
- *i-kúpa 'bone'
- i-kupa -> kuwa
- *i-jína 'name'
- i-ina -> ina
- *-genda 'walk'
- eɴta -> eda ; ena
- *mʊ-kíla 'tail'
- -> kira
- *njɪla 'path'
- -> nira?