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User:Ceige/Sako-Katsi-Kezha: Difference between revisions
→Sound Changes
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* suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou) | * suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou) | ||
* wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo) | * wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo) | ||
* | |||
== Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1) == | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
==== Initials ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| p || t || k || ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! Pre-nasalised Plosives | |||
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk || | |||
|- | |||
! Geminated Plosives | |||
| pp || tt || kk || | |||
! Nasals | |||
| m || n || ŋ || | |||
|- | |||
! Voiceless Nasals | |||
| hm || hn || hŋ || | |||
|- | |||
! Fricatives | |||
| f || s || x || h | |||
|} | |||
====Glides==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic | |||
|- | |||
| w || l || r || y || ʀ | |||
|} | |||
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! pp- !! tt- !! kk- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h- | |||
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes | |||
|- | |||
! +w | |||
| w || p || tw || kw || pp || ttw || kkw || '''m, w''' || nw, m || ŋw, m || b || dw || gw || f || s || '''xw, f''' || '''hw, f''' | |||
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected | |||
|- | |||
! +l | |||
| l || py || '''ty''' || ky || ppy || '''tty''' || kky || my, ny || '''ny, l''' || ŋy, ny || by || '''dy''' || gy || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl | |||
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected | |||
|- | |||
! +r | |||
| r || p || '''tʂ''' || k || pp || ttʂ || kk || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr | |||
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected | |||
|- | |||
! +y | |||
| y || py || '''tɕ '''|| ky || ppy || ttɕ || kky || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || by || '''dʑ''' || gy || hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy | |||
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected | |||
|- | |||
! +ʀ | |||
| ʀ || p || t || '''k, q''' || pp || tt || '''kk, qq''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ | |||
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide. | |||
|} | |||
====Finals==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! Nasals | |||
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || | |||
|- | |||
! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)'' | |||
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ || | |||
|- | |||
! Sonorants | |||
| w || l || r || y || ʀ || | |||
|- | |||
! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)'' | |||
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ || | |||
|- | |||
! ''Fricatives (2)'' | |||
| colspan=6 | h | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes''' | |||
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series | |||
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages. | |||
=== Common vowel outcomes === | |||
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/ | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Height | |||
! y- !! +y | |||
! l- !! +l | |||
! Ø- !! +Ø | |||
! r- !! +r | |||
! ʀ- !! +ʀ | |||
! w- !! +w | |||
|- | |||
! Closed /ɨ/ | |||
| i || i | |||
| ɨ || ɨ | |||
| ɨ || ɨ | |||
| ɨ || ɨ | |||
| ɯ || ɯ | |||
| u || u | |||
|- | |||
! Mid /ǝ/ | |||
| ie || ei | |||
| æ || æ | |||
| ǝ || ǝ | |||
| ǝa || aǝ | |||
| ʌ || ʌ | |||
| uo || ou | |||
|- | |||
! Open /a/ | |||
| iæ || æi | |||
| æ || æ | |||
| a || a | |||
| ǝa || aǝ | |||
| ʌ || ʌ | |||
| uɔ || ɔu | |||
|} | |||