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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- "līzayâ mīkuredân(a) rucukayim" el vœur dì "preferissi scriv cont ona penna", rucuka- a l'è ciappaa del russ, īkure- del franzes (écrir) lī- l'è la primma persona singolara, m- -dân el infinitiv/nomm verbal, zayâ el vœur dì "preferì", l'è nativ --> | <!-- "līzayâ mīkuredân(a) rucukayim" el vœur dì "preferissi scriv cont ona penna", rucuka- a l'è ciappaa del russ, īkure- del franzes (écrir) lī- l'è la primma persona singolara, m- -dân el infinitiv/nomm verbal, zayâ el vœur dì "preferì", l'è nativ --> | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Plural nominative==== | |||
The plural nominative is, for many nouns, a principal part, because various, as of today still unclear, sound changes in the past have led many native root nouns to have extremely irregular forms. | |||
The easiest plural nominative form is the ''-emi'' suffix, used by virtually all loanwords, no matter what their origin is. It is written ''-ëmi'' after a vowel which is not ''-i'', ''-ī'', or ''-e''; the original vowel is, however, unpronounced. | |||
: ''meydan'' (square) → ''meydanemi'' (squares) | |||
: ''owhani'' (bread; flatbread) → ''owhaniemi'' ((pieces of) flatbread) | |||
: ''riwalucia'' (revolution) → ''riwaluciaëmi'' [-tɕi(j)emi] (revolutions) | |||
: ''xuturaitelixutuwo'' (construction site) → ''xuturaitelixutuwoëmi'' [-wemi] (construction sites) | |||
Some words of foreign, especially French, origin, are invariable, as for example all month and weekday names. The word ''tawarich'' (comrade) uses the Russian plural ''tawarichi'' when used as a vocative, and ''tawarichemi'' otherwise. | |||
The ''-emi'' suffix is also used for many ''-u'' nouns, usually forming ''-wemi'', as in ''lâneychär′u'' (nation) → ''lâneychär′wemi'' (nations). Other regular patterns are ''-eyä'' → ''-eymi'' (''meyʌhäht′eyä'' "people" → ''meyʌhäht′eymi'' "peoples") and, for the derivational suffix ''-wałe'', ''-weyłi'' (''deydiwałe'' "birth" → ''deydiweyłi'' "births"). | |||
''-ney'' and ''-ni'' often pluralize to ''-nny'' [-ɲː], sometimes with vowel changes: | |||
: ''taney'' (song) → ''tenny'' (songs) | |||
: ''towni'' (eye) → ''tanny'' (eyes (not to be confused with the above)) | |||
: ''lâney'' (person) → ''lânny'' (people; but the singular is also often used with a plural meaning) | |||
: ''rânychani'' (coconut palm) → ''rânychanny'' (coconut palms) | |||
''-na'', if preceded by a front vowel or ''-ey'', usually becomes ''-ny'' [ɲ] in the plural. This is also true with some foreign roots: | |||
: ''neyna'' (island) → ''neyny'' (islands) | |||
: ''łäna'' (stream) → ''łäny'' (streams) | |||
: ''nânyarugencina'' (Argentinian) → ''nânyarugenciny'' (Argentinians) | |||
Some -CCV nouns undergo cluster breaking, often with not quite predictable results: | |||
: ''nr′ownu'' (time, year) → ''nr′aluny'' (times, years) | |||
: ''mämbä'' (language) → ''mämeybi'' (languages) | |||
: ''r′ulka'' (beach) → ''r′uleychi'' (beaches) | |||
Others are synchronically irregular: | |||
: ''nyuta'' (day) → ''nyich'' (days) | |||
: ''kilka'' (foot) → ''kiwchiny'' (foot) | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||