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West Carpathian grammar (view source)

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In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
The West Carpathian language has no gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
===Cases===
===Cases===
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
Line 55: Line 55:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|person]] !! [[w:Grammatical number|number]] !! Subject !! Object !! Other cases !! Translation
! [[w:Grammatical person|Person]] !! [[w:Grammatical number|Number]] !! [[w:Subject (grammar)|Subject]] !! [[w:Object (grammar)|Object]] !! Other cases !! Translation
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | first person || singular || ''oivasā'' || ''oivame'' || ''oiv(a)-vjad'' || ''my head''
| rowspan="2" | first person || singular || ''oivasā'' || ''oivame'' || ''oiv(a)-vjad'' || ''my head''
Line 70: Line 70:
|-
|-
|}
|}
Words written through the hyphen (-) indicates an insertion of a case ending. When used with cases other than nominative or accusative, a possessive suffix always comes after a case ending, so it is sometimes called a postfix. For example: ''utuovjau'' "on his/her hand".
Words written through the hyphen (-) indicates an insertion of a case ending. When used with cases other than nominative or accusative, a possessive suffix always comes after a case ending, so it is sometimes called a postfix. For example: ''utuovjau'' - "on his/her hand". When a plural number of a possession must be indicated, a plural ending is used instead of a singular one. If a word is a subject or a direct object of a sentence, then a corresponding plural ending is added before a possessive suffix: ''oivakēk'' - "their head", ''oivahkēk'' - "their heads" (the nominative plural ending ''-k'' changes into ''-h-'' due to a consonant gradation).
 
===Declension types===
There are as many as 20 noun declension types (called ''otnevinsātuarek'' "word bending patterns"). Most of these forms are archaic and more common ones are used instead by analogy. Words in nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and illative cases are represented in the table below. Here are some of the most common patterns:
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 1, oiva - "head"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''oiva'' || ''oivak''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''oivā'' || ''oivamma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''oivū'' || ''oivadū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''oivid'' || ''oivīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''oivoan'' || ''oivakōn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 2, piärä - "bark"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''piärä'' || ''piäräk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''piäreä'' || ''piärämme''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piärui'' || ''piärädui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piäräid'' || ''piärīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''piärēn'' || ''piäräkēn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 3, pienkä - "wind"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pienkä'' || ''piengäk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''pienneä'' || ''piengämme''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piengui'' || ''pienkädui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piennäid'' || ''piengīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pienkähen'' || ''pienkäkēn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 4, pelki - "bridge"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pelki'' || ''pellek''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''pelkeä'' || ''pellimme''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''peľľu'' || ''pelkidui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''pellīd'' || ''pelkīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pelkihen'' || ''pelkikēn''
|-
|}
|}
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 5, lākō - "small"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lākō'' || ''laok''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lākauta'' || ''laomma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lākauju'' || ''lākōdū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lākavōn'' || ''laovkōn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 6, neannē - "aunt"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''neannē'' || ''nēneik''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''neannijtä'' || ''nēnijme''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''neanniju'' || ''neannēdui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''nēnijcid'' || ''nēnijdid''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''neannijēn'' || ''nēnijkēn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 7, kudi - "morning"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''kūdi'' || ''kūdik''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''kūdeja'' || ''kūdimma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''kūdeju'' || ''kūdeidū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''kūdeicid'' || ''kūdeidid''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''kūdejōn'' || ''kūdeikōn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 8, partu - "axe"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''partu'' || ''paruk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''parauta'' || ''parumma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''partau'' || ''paraudū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''paraucīd'' || ''paraudīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''partavōn'' || ''paraukōn''
|-
|}
|}
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 9, setä - "the fifth"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''setä'' || ''sennäk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''sentä'' || ''sennäme''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''seňňu'' || ''setädui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''sencid'' || ''seňňīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''sennēn'' || ''setäkēn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 10, seusi - "feather"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''seusi'' || ''seussīk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''seussima'' || ''seusimma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''seusimu'' || ''seusimmū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''seusincīd'' || ''seussimīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''seussimōn'' || ''seusinkōn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 11, ňihke - "fish"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''ňihke'' || ''ňihkēk''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''ňihestä'' || ''ňihesne''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''ňihkešu'' || ''ňiheltui''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''ňihehcid'' || ''ňihkešīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''ňihkesēn'' || ''ňiheskēn''
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 12, vuodon - "woodpecker"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! sg !! pl
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''vuodon'' || ''vuodonek''
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''vuodonna'' || ''vuodōmma''
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''vuodoňňu'' || ''vuodōnnū''
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''vuodōncīd'' || ''vuodōňīd''
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''vuodonōn'' || ''vuodonkōn''
|-
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbs in West Carpathian belong to one of ten main groups depending on the stem type. Nine types are called the regular types and have the same set of personal endings, but the stems undergo different changes when inflected, while the last one is the irregular type and can have different endings. The first two and the tenth types are called simple and the rest are compound, because they are created with a special suffix.
===Conjugation===
As an example a I type verb ''māli'' "to talk" and its negative counterpart ''ēmai'' "not to talk" are given in the table below. The first verb is regular and it is easy to show different personal endings, using it, while the second verb has an irregular ''-k-'' in some endings. Only tenses of an indicative mood are listed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| || colspan="8" | indicative mood
|-
! colspan="2" | present tense
! colspan="2" | past tense
! colspan="2" | perfect
! colspan="2" | pluperfect
|-
! person || number
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative
|-
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg.
| mālel || ēmal || māllō || ēmālō || mālilid || ēmailid || ian mālinna || ian ēmainna
|-
! 2nd
| māles || ēmas || mālsē || ēmāsē || mālisī || ēmaisī || iak mālinna || iak ēmainna
|-
! 3rd
| māľu || ēmāču || māluvā || ēmākuvā || māliňu || ēmaiňu || īka mālinna || īka ēmainna
|-
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl.
| mālelki || ēmalki || mālulki || ēmākulki || mālluok || ēmāluok || iskau mālinna || iskau ēmainna
|-
! 2nd
| māleski || ēmaski || māluski || ēmākuski || mālseik || ēmāseik || ingak mālinna || ingak ēmainna
|-
! 3rd
| māluki || ēmauki || mālumpā || ēmākumpā || mālpou || ēmāpou || īhka mālinna || īhka ēmainna
|-
|}
The pluperfect (almost the same as English past perfect) uses the auxillary verb ''īkai'', which can be translated as "to have been/done" in English, and and an infinitive V of verbs, which in this case is similar to an active participle, like English "talking".
===Other moods===
The three other moods are conditional, potential and imperative.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| || colspan="4" | Imperative mood
|-
! colspan="2" | imperfect
! colspan="2" | perfect
|-
! person
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative
|-
! 1st sg.
| mālkōnō || ēmakkōnō || ihōnō mālinna || ihōnō ēmāinna
|-
! 2nd sg.
| mālkē || ēmakkē || ihē mālinna || ihē ēmainna
|-
! 3rd sg.
| mālkājā || ēmakkājā || ījā mālinna || ījā ēmainna
|-
! 1st pl.
| mālkoskō || ēmakoskō || ihoskō mālinna || ihoskō ēmainna
|-
! 2nd pl.
| mālkēnek || ēmakkēnek || ihēnek mālinna || ihēnek ēmainna
|-
! 3rd pl.
| mālenkai || ēmankai || īhenkai mālinna || īhenkai ēmainna
|-
|}
When used with the third person the verb corresponds to English "let him/her (do)", while an imperative for the first person is usually called optative and is treated as a separate mood, for example the translation of ''mālkōnō'' in English is "I wish I will talk (to somebody)", and ''ihōnō mālinna'' - "If only I talked (to somebody)".
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| || colspan="4" | Conditional mood || colspan="4" | Potential mood
|-
! colspan="2" | imperfect
! colspan="2" | perfect
! colspan="2" | imperfect
! colspan="2" | perfect
|-
! person
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative
|-
! 1st sg.
| mālcal || ēmahcal || mālcihō || ēmahcihō || mālansel || ēmānsel || mālanšō || ēmānšō
|-
! 2nd sg.
| mālcas || ēmahcas || mālcihē || ēmahcihē || mālanses || ēmānses || mālanšē || ēmānšē
|-
! 3rd sg.
| mālcaju || ēmahcaju || mālciuhā || ēmahciuhā || mālaňšu || ēmāňšu || mālanšā || ēmānšā
|-
! 1st pl.
| mālcelka || ēmahcelka || mālcihōlka || ēmahcihōlka || mālansalke || ēmāsalke || mālanšōlke || ēmānšōlke
|-
! 2nd pl.
| mālceska || ēmahceska || mālcihōska || ēmahcihōska || mālansaske || ēmānsaske || mālanšōske || ēmānšōske
|-
! 3rd pl.
| mālčauka || ēmahčauka || mālcihōpā || ēmahcihōpā || mālaňšauke || ēmāňšauke || mālanšōpā || ēmānšōpā
|-
|}
The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be".
===Infinitives===
West Carpathian has ten infinitive forms, denoted with roman numerals or with typical verb endings.
====Infinitive I====
The infinitive I or the i-infinitive is a dictionary form of verbs. The ending of this infinitive is ''-i'' with a stem modification due to a consonant gradation and (seldom) alteration.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''māl-'' || ''māli'' || to talk
|-
| ''čēp-'' || ''čēpi'' || to boil
|-
| ''īl-'' || ''īli'' || to hear
|}
When a stem ends in a vowel, the suffix can become either -ji or -di, depending on what consonant was present in that place historically (weak grade consonant ''-g-'' was lost completely, but turned into -j- before this ending).
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''kui-'' || ''kuoidi'' || to melt
|-
| ''ňei-'' || ''ňieji'' || to give
|-
| ''kā-'' || ''kāji'' || to bake
|}
If stems end with -v-, -ll-, -ss- -h-, then a strong grade (-hp-, -ht-, -hc-, -hk- respectively) will appear in the infinitive.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''kōv-'' || ''koahpi'' || to dig
|-
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähti'' || to wash
|-
| ''kauss-'' || ''kāvahci'' || to feel
|-
| ''tūh-'' || ''tuohki'' || to pull
|}
====Infinitive II====
Also called the supine, the infinitive II is used to express a purpose of action and is usually translated as English "in order to". Its endings are ''-itān'' or ''-etān''. These endings trigger the same gradation as the infinitive I with only few exceptions.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation
|-
| ''māl-'' || ''māletān'' || in order to talk
|-
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähtitān'' || in order to wash
|-
| ''īl-'' || ''īlitān'' || in order to hear
|}
There are few irregular exceptions:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation
|-
| ''pirj-'' || ''pirkitān'' || in order to remain
|-
| ''pao-'' || ''poahotān'' || in order to fall
|-
| ''miänn-'' || ''miänitān'' || in order to recall
|}
====Infinitive III====
The third infinitive expresses process of action and is equivalent to English "while/when doing". It can be recognized by the ''-mēn/-mōn'' ending. The gradation pattern is different from previous infinitives, since it triggers the weak grade.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''māl-'' || ''malmōn'' || while talking
|-
| ''kui-'' || ''kuimōn'' || while boiling
|-
| ''pao-'' || ''paomōn'' || while falling
|}
If the weak grade is a geminate consonant, or a consonant that would create a cluster difficult to pronounce, then -e- or -a- is inserted between them and the ending.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''kōv-'' || ''kōvamōn'' || while digging
|-
| ''nēll-'' || ''nēllemēn'' || while washing
|-
| ''kauss-'' || ''kaussemōn'' || while feeling
|-
| ''miänn-'' || ''miännemēn'' || while recalling
|}
====Infinitive IV====
The infinitive IV is used to express the end of action and is equivalent to English "having done". The ending is ''-esta'' which triggers the same gradation as the infinitive I.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation
|-
| ''māl-'' || ''malesta'' || having talked
|-
| ''miänn-'' || ''miäntesta'' || having recalled
|-
| ''pao-'' || ''poadesta'' || having fallen
|}
====Infinitive V====
This infinitive corresponds to the English gerund ("verb + -ing" form), and can behave as a noun in that it can be inflected. It is used to refer to a particular act or a manner of action (used in an instrumental case). The usual ending is ''-innä/-inna'', which changes into ''-män-/-man-'' while declining.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation
|-
| ''māl-'' || ''mālinna'' || talking
|-
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähtimännä'' || (the manner of) washing
|-
| ''īl-'' || ''īlinnä'' || hearing
|-
| ''kui-'' || ''kuoidimanoan'' || into (the process of) boiling
|}
====Infintive VI====
The sixth infinitive has the stem ending ''-vet/-vat'' and indicates obligation and ''-vettēn/-vattoan'', which expresses necessity. Nowadays the second suffix is rarely used, since there is a verb ''terväi'' "to need", which comes from a noun ''tervä'' "need", and can be used with the infinitive V. Infinitive VI triggers the same gradation as the infinitive III, with an exception of verb stems, that require an insertion of -e-.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation
|-
| ''parmāl-'' || ''parmalvat'' || must be talked about
|-
| ''nēll-'' || ''nēllevettēn'' || it's necessary to wash
|-
| ''sam-'' || ''sammevat'' || must be seen
|-
| ''kui-'' || ''kuivattoan'' || it's necessary to boil
|}
These endings are impersonal, but they can be used with any other person, for example: ''malvas hoa par'' "you must talk about it", ''īlivehcēn hoa'' - "you'd better hear this".
====Infinitive VII====
Infinitive VII can occasionally be used in folklore, but not in everyday speech. Its ending is ''-vassi'' and it is translated into English as "asked to do". It is used in the indirect speech, like in ''sun pilsē kuivassi sieceä'' "he/she asked to boil the water", and nowadays infinitive II would used in this place.
====Infinitive VIII and IX====
These are conditional and potential infinitives and are short forms of conditional and potential clauses, for example ''pelcin'' - "if to sing (imperfect)" and ''pelcihēn'' - "if to have sung (perfect)". Endings ''-anset'' and ''-anšōn'' are used for infintive IX, but its usage is uncommon in modern day speech. But infinitive VIII is seldom used, like in ''āsēni hārācin, tolātelki dāva'' "weather permitting, we will be there in time. (''āsēni šeiteviu'' - "if the weather is fine" can also be used instead, but literally it would be translated as "weather may (or may not) be fine").
====Infinitive X====
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jīnginka'' "as far as we know".
===Verb types===
There are ten inflection verb types. Every verb belongs to a certain type according to its verb stem. Nine types are regular, since verbs belonging to these types have predictable basic changes in conjugation. The following table shows some of these changes, which define the conjugation pattern (''vinsatuare''):
{| class="wikitable"
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Type
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Example
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 1<sup>sg</sup> Pres.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 3<sup>sg</sup> Past
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 2<sup>sg</sup> Imp.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive III
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive V
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive I
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Translation
|-
| I-a
| māli
| mālel
| māluvā
| mālkē
| malmōn
| mālinna
| -i
| to talk
|-
| I-b
| kuoidi
| kuil
| kuoiduvā
| kuoikē
| kuimōn
| kuoinna
| -ji/-di
| to melt
|-
| I-c
| niähti
| nēllel
| niähtuvā
| nēlkē
| nēllemēn
| niähtinnä
| -hpi/-hti/-hci/-hki
| to give
|-
| I-d
| miänti
| miännel
| miäntuvā
| miänkē
| miännemēn
| miäntinnä
| -mpi/-nti/-nki/-sti
| to recall
|-
| II
| poadi
| paol
| poaduvā
| poadekē
| paomōn
| poadinna
| -ädi/-adi
| to fall
|-
| II-b
| pirki
| piril
| pirjivā
| pirjikē
| pirimēn
| pirkinnä
| -rki/-lki/-ski
| to remain
|-
| III
| kārui
| kārul
| kāruvā
| kārukē
| kārumōn
| kāruinna
| -ei/-ui
| to be green
|-
| IV
| ňiheškai
| ňiheššal
| ňiheškavā
| ňiheškakē
| ňiheššamōn
| ňiheškainna
| -kai
| to have fish
|-
| V
| varvekui
| varveul
| varvekuvā
| varvekukē
| varveumōn
| varvekuinna
| -kui
| to paint
|-
| VI
| rūhtei
| rūkkēl
| rūhtevā
| rūhtekē
| rūkkēmōn
| rūhteinna
| -tei
| to make clothes
|-
| VII
| soveähtei
| soveällel
| soveähtevā
| soveähtekē
| soveällemōn
| soveähteinna
| -ahtei
| to go skiing
|-
| VIII
| näissi
| näisel
| näissevā
| näiskē
| näisemēn
| näissinnä
| -ssi
| to be able to swim
|-
| IX
| pellekei
| pellekil
| pellekeivā
| pelleikkē
| pellekimōn
| pellekīnna
| -kei
| to want to sing
|-
| X
| terväi
| tervän
| terväjä
| tervē
| tervämēn
| terväinnä
| -äi/-ai
| to need
|}


[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
Raistas
2,334

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