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Atlantic/Older version: Difference between revisions
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→Suppletive verbs
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====To be==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
=====To be===== | |||
As common among Romance languages, "to be" is irregular in Atlantic. Like in Iberian Romance, some forms were taken from the conjugation of <small>SEDEŌ</small> "to sit" (with a new, stative verb *<small>SEDITŌ</small> being developed for that meaning); however, there is only one copulative verb, without the general Iberian distinction between essence and state: ''siuè'' /ʃiˈwe/ is used for both. However, there are two forms of the future: the one with the ''sisur'' participle (< <small>SESSV̄RVM</small>) is used when the meaning is "to be in a place", while the ''fudur'' (< <small>FVTV̄RVM</small>) is used in all other cases, cf.: | As common among Romance languages, "to be" is irregular in Atlantic. Like in Iberian Romance, some forms were taken from the conjugation of <small>SEDEŌ</small> "to sit" (with a new, stative verb *<small>SEDITŌ</small> being developed for that meaning); however, there is only one copulative verb, without the general Iberian distinction between essence and state: ''siuè'' /ʃiˈwe/ is used for both. However, there are two forms of the future: the one with the ''sisur'' participle (< <small>SESSV̄RVM</small>) is used when the meaning is "to be in a place", while the ''fudur'' (< <small>FVTV̄RVM</small>) is used in all other cases, cf.: | ||
: '' | : ''Sàmbad i geumiga su sisur imb Urumbi.'' "On Saturday and Sunday I'll be in Volubilis." | ||
: '' | : ''Su fudur auna aistreia<ref>The word ''aistreia'' (pl. ''aistreiot'') "star" derives from Lat. <small>STĒLLAM</small>, but the irregular resolution of the initial cluster and the otherwise irregular ''r'' point to a contamination with <small>ASTĒR</small>, therefore to a Proto-Atlantic form *astrēlla, or to a diminutive form of the latter (*asterēlla), influenced by the former in having feminine and not masculine gender.</ref>!'' "I will be a star!" | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+''siuè'' "to be" | |+''siuè'' "to be" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! Present !! Imperfect !! Past !! Future | ! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=4 | Indicative !! colspan=2 | Subjunctive | ||
|- | |||
! Present !! Imperfect !! Past !! Future !! Present !! Past | |||
|- | |||
! 1SG | |||
| su || ira || fui || su fudur(a)<br/>su sisur(a) || sim || fìur | |||
|- | |||
! 2SG | |||
| es || irot || fuist || es fudur(a)<br/>es sisur(a) || siai || fìurit | |||
|- | |||
! 3SG | |||
| ist || irat || fuit || ist fudur(a)<br/>ist sisur(a) || si || fìuri | |||
|- | |||
! 1PL | |||
| sum || irom || fuim || sum fudurot<br/>sum sisurot || siaim || fiurim | |||
|- | |||
! 2PL | |||
| sest || iroç || fuiç || sest fudurot<br/>sest sisurot || siaiç || fiuriç | |||
|- | |||
! 3PL | |||
| sunt || irant || fùirunt || sunt fudurot<br/>sunt sisurot || sint || fìurint | |||
|- | |||
! Participles | |||
| siuent || colspan=2 | – || fudur<br/>sisur || colspan=2 | – | |||
|} | |||
=====To go===== | |||
The verb "to go" in Atlantic is ''uoi''. The infinitive and both presents (incl. participle) are from <small>VĀDERE</small>; other forms from <small>ĪRE</small>. The 2SG, 1PL, and 2PL forms of the present also underwent contraction; the earliest texts show the expected forms ''uoiit, uoiim, uoiiç''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+''uoi'' "to go" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=5 | Indicative !! colspan=2 | Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! Present !! Imperfect !! Past !! Ren. Past !! Future !! Present !! Past | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1SG | ! 1SG | ||
| | | uoi || ieua || fui uoient(a) || iai || su idur(a) || uoia || aiìur | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SG | ! 2SG | ||
| | | uoit || ieuot || fuist uoient(a) || aist || es idur(a) || uoiot || aiìurit | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SG | ! 3SG | ||
| | | uoi || ieu || fuit uoient(a) || aiit || ist idur(a) || uoia || aiìuri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| | | uoim || ieuom || fuim uoientot || aiim || sum idurot || uoiom || aiiurim | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| | | uoiç || ieuoç || fuiç uoientot || aiiç || sest idurot || uoioç || aiiuriç | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL | ! 3PL | ||
| | | uoiunt || ieuant || fùirunt uoientot || aièrunt || sunt idurot || uòiant || aiìurint | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Participles | ! Participles | ||
| | | uoient || colspan=3 | – || idur || colspan=2 | | ||
|} | |||
=====To bring===== | |||
The Atlantic verb for "to bring" is irregular ''fir'', directly inherited from Latin <small>FERRE</small> "to carry": | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+''uoi'' "to go" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=5 | Indicative !! colspan=2 | Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! Present !! Imperfect !! Past !! Ren. Past !! Future !! Present !! Past | |||
|- | |||
! 1SG | |||
| fir || firiua || fui firent(a) || tui || su nodur(a) || fira || tuiìur | |||
|- | |||
! 2SG | |||
| fìrit || firiuot || fuist firent(a) || tuiist || es nodur(a) || firot || tuiìurit | |||
|- | |||
! 3SG | |||
| fir || firìu || fuit firent(a) || tuiit || ist nodur(a) || fira || tuiìuri | |||
|- | |||
! 1PL | |||
| firim || firìuom || fuim firentot || tuiim || sum nodurot || firom || tuiiurim | |||
|- | |||
! 2PL | |||
| firiç || firìuoç || fuiç firentot || tuiiç || sest nodurot || firoç || tuiiuriç | |||
|- | |||
! 3PL | |||
| fìrunt || firìuant || fùirunt firentot || tuièrunt || sunt nodurot || fìrant || tuiìurint | |||
|- | |||
! Active participles | |||
| firent || colspan=3 | – || nodur || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | | |||
|- | |||
! Active participles | |||
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | nod || firind | |||
|} | |} | ||