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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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→The tense-aspectual system
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These theoretical meanings may be translated into practice as this: the '''past''' is most commonly used to express something that happened in the past and does not influence the present, or it is not meaningful to the time of the action. | These theoretical meanings may be translated into practice as this: the '''past''' is most commonly used to express something that happened in the past and does not influence the present, or it is not meaningful to the time of the action. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = galtarkeike lære yųlaute. | ||
| gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | | gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I ate at the station yesterday. | | translation = I ate at the station yesterday. | ||
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In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning: | In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = galtarkeike lære yųlaute væse, nanā tammi tadāmek. | ||
| gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small> while. – that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | | gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small> while. – that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I was eating at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | | translation = I was eating at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | ||
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Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective (see the following sections for more). Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction: | Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective (see the following sections for more). Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = galtarkeike lære yųlatite lā ēk. | ||
| gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. with. be.<small>IND.PAST.1SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | | gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. with. be.<small>IND.PAST.1SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I was eating at the station yesterday. | | translation = I was eating at the station yesterday. | ||
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The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it: | The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = galtarkeike lære uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā galtargis tadāmek. | ||
| gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | | gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. yesterday. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | | translation = I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = galtarkeike uyųlaṃte, utiya nanā galtargis taluniṣya. | ||
| gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | | gloss = train.station-<small>LOC.SG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | ||
| translation = I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives. | | translation = I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives. | ||