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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)==
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| ''It should be noted that many of these changes preceded what we think of as "Proto-Germanic" or "Common Germanic," but I include them here because they have important phonological or orthographic information, or because the same changes occurred in different ways in East Germanic and North-West Germanic.''
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| ===First Umlaut===
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| '''Stage 1.'''
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| <big>
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| e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
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| </big>
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| *''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
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| '''Stage 2.'''
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| <big>
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| e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
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| </big>
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| *''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
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| (Stage 3: See [[Valthungian/Rules#EGmc_Reflex_of_1st_Umlaut|EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut]].)
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| ''Has to precede Mora Loss''
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| ''Has to precede ŋ-deletion''
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| ===/ŋ/-Deletion===
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| <big>Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh</big>
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| *''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).''
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| ===Intervocalic Spirantization===
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| <big>
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| C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V
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| </big>
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| In other words,
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| <big>
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| b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V
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| </big>
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| *''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.''
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| ===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut===
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| ''This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut''
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| <big>
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| i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾}
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| </big>
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| *''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/''
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| ===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/===
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| <big>
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| ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub>#
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| </big>
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| *''Has to precede Mora Loss''
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| ===Mora Loss===
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| ''Mora Loss consists of three contemporaneous changes to unstressed word-final syllables: The deletion of non-strident coronal consonants, the deletion of short vowels, and the shortening of long vowels.''
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| ====Coronal Consonant Deletion====
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| <big>
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| C[+obs][+cor][-sdt] > Ø / V[-str]C<sub>o</sub>__##
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| </big>
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| *''A non-strident coronal obstruent (i.e. /t, þ, d/, but not /s, z/) is deleted'' after an unstressed vowel when word-final. (One or more consonants - probably sonorants - may intervene between the unstressed vowel and the word-final consonant.)''
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| E.g.<br />
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| * ‘ten’, ‘honey’, ‘from behind’
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| * PIE *déḱm̥t, *mélit, *h₂epóteroṓd >
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| * PGmc *téhund, *míliþ, *áfterôt >
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| * EGmc *téhun_, *míli_, *áfterô_ >
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| * Gothic ''taihun''<ref>Griutungi ''tehun''</ref>, ''*mili'', ''aftarō'' >
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| * Valthungian ''tǣjun'', ''mile'', ''aftra''
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| ====Unstressed Final Short Vowel Deletion====
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| <big>
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| {|
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| |-
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| | V[-lng][-str]([-rnd] ''for a. and c.'') > Ø / || a) σ(V[+lng]{V, C})C__(z)#
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| |-
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| | || b) V[-str]C__(z)#
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| |-
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| | || c) C[-rnd]#
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| |}
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| </big>
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| *''a) An unstressed unrounded short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i/) is deleted if following a stressed syllable (containing a long diphthong or a long vowel followed by a consonant) when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
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| *''b) An unstressed short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i, u/) is deleted after an unstressed syllable when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
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| *''c) (Later), unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted when word-final.
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| E.g.<br />
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| * ‘fear’, ‘I have seen’ (> ‘I know’), ‘day’; ‘son’
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| * PIE *ā́gʰes, *wóido, *dʰegʷʰos; *suHnús >
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| * PGmc *ṓgiz, *waita, *dagaz; *sunuz >
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| * EGmc *ōg_z, *wait_, *dag_z; *sunuz >
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| * Gothic ''ōgs'', ''*wait'', ''dags'', but ''sunus''.
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| ====Final Unstressed Long Vowel Shortening====
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| <big>
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| V[+lng][-str] > [-lng] / __#
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| </big>
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| *''Unstressed long vowels are shortened when word-final.''
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| *NB: At this stage of the language, there was no short /o/; when /ō/ was shortened in East Germanic, it was lowered to /a/. (In North and West Germanic, /ō/ was raised to /u/.)
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| E.g.
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| * ‘I carry’, ‘day’ (''instr.'')
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| * PIE *bʰérō, *dʰogʰʷṓ >
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| * PGmc *bérō, *dágō >
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| * EGmc *bero, *dago >
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| * Gothic ''baira'', ''daga''
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)==
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| [these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
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| ===z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing===
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| <big>
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| z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#
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| </big>
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| */z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.
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| E.g.:
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| * ‘man’, ‘fall’, ‘shoulder’
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| * PGmc *weraz, *drusaz, *amsaz >
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| * Egmc *wirz, *drusz, *amsz >
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| * Gothic ''waír'', ''drus'', ''ams''
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| ===h-Deletion===
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| ===Long Vowel Lowering===
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| ===Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)===
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| ===Glide Insertion===
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| ===m-Assimilation===
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| ===Change of Initial fl to þl===
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| ===r,n-Dissimilation===
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| ===Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a===
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| ===Thurneysen's Law===
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| ===EGmc Verschärfung Stage II===
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 400-800a.d.)==
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| ===Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion===
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| ''This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier [[Valthungian/Rules#Glide_Insertion|East Germanic Glide Insertion]] rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Valthungian grammar.
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| {|
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| |-
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| || ∅ || → || j || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || ___ || + || V
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| |-
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| || || || || || -bck
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| |-
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| || || || || || -low
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| |-
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| || ∅ || → || w || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || ___ || + || V
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| |-
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| || || || || || +bck
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| |-
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| || || || || || -low
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| |}
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| #/j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī).
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| #/w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū).
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| #E.g.
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| #*''ija'' ‘her’ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Short_Vowel_Lengthening|Short Vowel Lengthening]] → /īa/ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → īja → (''ev.'') /aija/ ''īja''
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| #*''rauan'' /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Stressed_Long_Vowel_Raising|Stressed Long Vowel Raising]] → /rōan/ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → /rōwan/ (''ev.'') /rōn/ ''rǭn''
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| ===Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)===
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| {|
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| |-
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| |style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4" |
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| || C ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4"| || → || [-vox] || / || ___ || { -vox
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| |-
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| || +vox || || || || || {#
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| |-
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| || +obs || || || || ||
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| |-
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| || +cnt || || || || ||
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| |}
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| #A voiced continuant obstruent (/v/, /ð/, or /z/) becomes unvoiced (/f/, /þ/, or /s/, respectively) before another unvoiced consonant or when word-final.
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| #This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic, and remains persistent throughout the transition to Classical Valthungian.
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| #E.g. ''wivna'' ‘to weave’ has preterite ''wōf'' ‘wove’
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| ===Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)===
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| {|
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| |-
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| || CC || → || C || / || ___ || { C || ''or'' || C } || ___
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| |-
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| || || || || || ||{ # || || # } ||
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| |}
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| #Geminates become simplified when adjacent to another consonant or when word-initial or -final.
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| ##''(Not that geminates are likely to occur word-initially; usually this occurs as the result of vowel deletion.)''
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| #This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic. It remains persistent until it is changed in Geminiate Simplification II and then vanishes, as all geminates have been deleted from the language.
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| #E.g.
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| #*''swamm'' ‘swam’, past of ''swimman'' ‘to swim’, → ''swam'', but ''switman''.
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| #*''kunnan'' ‘can’ has past of ''kunþa'' ‘could’ → ''kutnan'', ''kunþa''.
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| ===Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion===
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| ===Stop Insertion after Nasals===
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| ===Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/===
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| ===Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters===
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| ===Clitic Separation===
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| ===Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)===
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| ===Short Vowel Lengthening===
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| ===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
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| ===Long Diphthong Extension===
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| ===Glide Deletion===
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| ===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
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| ===Diphthong Changes===
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Valthungian (ca. 800-1200a.d.)==
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| ===Rejection of Greek Fricatives===
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| ===Rhotacism===
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| ===Stressed Long Vowel Raising===
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| ===Vowel Tensing===
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| ===Deletion and Assimilation of /h/===
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| ===Palatalisation & Affrication===
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| ===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Valthungian (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)==
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| ===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
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| ===Unpacking===
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| ===Deletion of /b,f/===
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| ===Deletion of /g/ between Nasals===
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