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==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)==
#DELETE
 
''It should be noted that many of these changes preceded what we think of as "Proto-Germanic" or "Common Germanic," but I include them here because they have important phonological or orthographic information, or because the same changes occurred in different ways in East Germanic and North-West Germanic.''
 
===First Umlaut===
 
'''Stage 1.'''
 
<big>
e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
</big>
 
*''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
 
'''Stage 2.'''
 
<big>
e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
</big>
 
*''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
 
(Stage 3: See [[Valthungian/Rules#EGmc_Reflex_of_1st_Umlaut|EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut]].)
 
''Has to precede Mora Loss''
 
''Has to precede ŋ-deletion''
 
===/ŋ/-Deletion===
 
<big>Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh</big>
 
*''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).''
 
===Intervocalic Spirantization===
 
<big>
C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V
</big>
 
In other words,
 
<big>
b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V
</big>
 
*''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.''
 
===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut===
 
''This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut''
 
<big>
i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾}
</big>
 
*''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/''
 
===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/===
 
 
<big>
ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub>#
</big>
 
*''Has to precede Mora Loss''
 
===Mora Loss===
 
''Mora Loss consists of three contemporaneous changes to unstressed word-final syllables: The deletion of non-strident coronal consonants, the deletion of short vowels, and the shortening of long vowels.''
 
====Coronal Consonant Deletion====
 
<big>
C[+obs][+cor][-sdt] > Ø / V[-str]C<sub>o</sub>__##
</big>
 
*''A non-strident coronal obstruent (i.e. /t, þ, d/, but not /s, z/) is deleted'' after an unstressed vowel when word-final. (One or more consonants - probably sonorants - may intervene between the unstressed vowel and the word-final consonant.)''
 
E.g.<br />
* ‘ten’, ‘honey’, ‘from behind’
* PIE *déḱm̥t, *mélit, *h₂epóteroṓd >
* PGmc *téhund, *míliþ, *áfterôt >
* EGmc *téhun_, *míli_, *áfterô_ >
* Gothic ''taihun''<ref>Griutungi ''tehun''</ref>, ''*mili'', ''aftarō'' >
* Valthungian ''tǣjun'', ''mile'', ''aftra''
 
====Unstressed Final Short Vowel Deletion====
 
<big>
{|
|-
| V[-lng][-str]([-rnd] ''for a. and c.'') > Ø / || a) σ(V[+lng]{V, C})C__(z)#
|-
| &nbsp; || b) V[-str]C__(z)#
|-
| &nbsp;|| c) C[-rnd]#
|}
</big>
 
*''a) An unstressed unrounded short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i/) is deleted if following a stressed syllable (containing a long diphthong or a long vowel followed by a consonant) when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
*''b) An unstressed short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i, u/) is deleted after an unstressed syllable when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
*''c) (Later), unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted when word-final.
 
E.g.<br />
* ‘fear’, ‘I have seen’ (> ‘I know’), ‘day’; ‘son’
* PIE *ā́gʰes, *wóido, *dʰegʷʰos; *suHnús >
* PGmc *ṓgiz, *waita, *dagaz; *sunuz >
* EGmc *ōg_z, *wait_, *dag_z; *sunuz >
* Gothic ''ōgs'', ''*wait'', ''dags'', but ''sunus''.
 
====Final Unstressed Long Vowel Shortening====
 
<big>
V[+lng][-str] > [-lng] / __#
</big>
 
*''Unstressed long vowels are shortened when word-final.''
*NB: At this stage of the language, there was no short /o/; when /ō/ was shortened in East Germanic, it was lowered to /a/. (In North and West Germanic, /ō/ was raised to /u/.)
 
E.g.
* ‘I carry’, ‘day’ (''instr.'')
* PIE *bʰérō, *dʰogʰʷṓ  >
* PGmc *bérō, *dágō >
* EGmc *bero, *dago >
* Gothic ''baira'', ''daga''
 
==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)==
 
[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
 
===z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing===
 
<big>
z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#
</big>
 
*/z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.
 
E.g.:
* ‘man’, ‘fall’, ‘shoulder’
* PGmc *weraz, *drusaz, *amsaz >
* Egmc *wirz, *drusz, *amsz >
* Gothic ''waír'', ''drus'', ''ams''
 
===h-Deletion===
===Long Vowel Lowering===
===Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)===
===Glide Insertion===
===m-Assimilation===
===Change of Initial fl to þl===
===r,n-Dissimilation===
===Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a===
===Thurneysen's Law===
===EGmc Verschärfung Stage II===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 400-800a.d.)==
 
===Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion===
 
''This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier [[Valthungian/Rules#Glide_Insertion|East Germanic Glide Insertion]] rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Valthungian grammar.
 
{|
|-
|| ∅ || → || j || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || ___ || + || V
|-
|| || || || || -bck
|-
|| || || || || -low
|-
|| ∅ || → || w || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || ___ || + || V
|-
|| || || || || +bck
|-
|| || || || || -low
|}
 
#/j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī).
#/w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū).
#E.g.
#*''ija'' ‘her’ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Short_Vowel_Lengthening|Short Vowel Lengthening]] → /īa/ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → īja → (''ev.'') /aija/ ''īja''
#*''rauan'' /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Stressed_Long_Vowel_Raising|Stressed Long Vowel Raising]] → /rōan/ + [[Valthungian/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → /rōwan/ (''ev.'') /rōn/ ''rǭn''
 
===Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)===
{|
|-
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4" | &nbsp;
|| C ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4"| &nbsp; || → || [-vox] || / || ___ || { -vox
|-
|| +vox || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {#
|-
|| +obs || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
|| +cnt || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
 
#A voiced continuant obstruent (/v/, /ð/, or /z/) becomes unvoiced (/f/, /þ/, or /s/, respectively) before another unvoiced consonant or when word-final.
#This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic, and remains persistent throughout the transition to Classical Valthungian.
#E.g. ''wivna'' ‘to weave’ has preterite ''wōf'' ‘wove’
 
===Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)===
 
{|
|-
|| CC || → || C || / || ___ || { C || ''or'' || C } || ___
|-
|| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||{ # || &nbsp; || # } || &nbsp;
|}
 
#Geminates become simplified when adjacent to another consonant or when word-initial or -final.
##''(Not that geminates are likely to occur word-initially; usually this occurs as the result of vowel deletion.)''
#This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic. It remains persistent until it is changed in Geminiate Simplification II and then vanishes, as all geminates have been deleted from the language.
#E.g.
#*''swamm'' ‘swam’, past of ''swimman'' ‘to swim’, → ''swam'', but ''switman''.
#*''kunnan'' ‘can’ has past of ''kunþa'' ‘could’ → ''kutnan'', ''kunþa''.
 
===Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion===
===Stop Insertion after Nasals===
===Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/===
===Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters===
===Clitic Separation===
===Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)===
===Short Vowel Lengthening===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Long Diphthong Extension===
===Glide Deletion===
===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
===Diphthong Changes===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Valthungian (ca. 800-1200a.d.)==
 
===Rejection of Greek Fricatives===
===Rhotacism===
===Stressed Long Vowel Raising===
===Vowel Tensing===
===Deletion and Assimilation of /h/===
===Palatalisation & Affrication===
===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Valthungian (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)==
 
===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
===Unpacking===
===Deletion of /b,f/===
===Deletion of /g/ between Nasals===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/146646...311254"

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