2,334
edits
Yrkyr: Difference between revisions
→Stem
(→Stem) |
|||
| Line 409: | Line 409: | ||
====Stem==== | ====Stem==== | ||
Yrkyr has different [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspectual]] and [[w:Grammatical mood|modal]] distinctions indicated by an aspect prefix or, sometimes, a combination of several aspect prefixes fused together. Yrkyr lacks a grammatical [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]]. There are primary and secondary aspects, with the secondary aspects being used only in combination with a primary ones. | Yrkyr has different [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspectual]] and [[w:Grammatical mood|modal]] distinctions indicated by an aspect prefix or, sometimes, a combination of several aspect prefixes fused together. Yrkyr lacks a grammatical [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]]. There are primary and secondary aspects, with the secondary aspects being used only in combination with a primary ones. | ||
{| class=" | {| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | ||
! Primary | ! Primary aspect | ||
! Prefixes | ! Prefixes | ||
! Secondary aspect | ! Secondary aspect | ||
| Line 444: | Line 444: | ||
*The '''perfective''' indicates an event/action that has been completed. It usually corresponds to English simple past or future perfect: ''taxkyŋ'' - "I arrived"/"I will have arrived". | *The '''perfective''' indicates an event/action that has been completed. It usually corresponds to English simple past or future perfect: ''taxkyŋ'' - "I arrived"/"I will have arrived". | ||
*The '''stative''' or the habitual specifies an action as occurring usually, ordinarily, or as a fact, for example: ''wakoryŋ'' "I speak", "I have an ability to speak" | *The '''stative''' or the habitual specifies an action as occurring usually, ordinarily, or as a fact, for example: ''wakoryŋ'' "I speak", "I have an ability to speak" | ||
The '''optative''' indicates a positive or negative wish or desire and is also used as English imperative. Yrkyr lacks a separate imperative mood. For example, ''tlykukorŋeš'' - "talk to me please" expresses wish, not a command or obligation. | *The '''optative''' indicates a positive or negative wish or desire and is also used as English imperative. Yrkyr lacks a separate imperative mood. For example, ''tlykukorŋeš'' - "talk to me please" expresses wish, not a command or obligation. | ||
*Secondary aspects only specify the duration of an action or whether it was (or will be) stopped (terminative) or is/will be ongoing (continuous) and are rarely used in everyday speech, except when necessary. Momentaneous aspect is used to indicate the action happened in an instant. Quotative marks quoted speech and typically the evidential prefix ''ošk-'' is used instead, if the speaker believes the source. Necessitative indicates the action that should be done, usually used together with optative as the prefix ''kur-''. | *Secondary aspects only specify the duration of an action or whether it was (or will be) stopped (terminative) or is/will be ongoing (continuous) and are rarely used in everyday speech, except when necessary. Momentaneous aspect is used to indicate the action happened in an instant. Quotative marks quoted speech and typically the evidential prefix ''ošk-'' is used instead, if the speaker believes the source. Necessitative indicates the action that should be done, usually used together with optative as the prefix ''kur-''. | ||
*Some verb roots have an irregular conjugation pattern, when a vowel or a whole syllable may appear. This is called a thematic suffix. The usual suffix is -e- which appears in a few old verbs with roots ending in -u or -i. Sometimes the consonant /h/ may appear if a root contains a long vowel: ''walhuh'' "to put away" - '' | *Some verb roots have an irregular conjugation pattern, when a vowel or a whole syllable may appear. This is called a thematic suffix. The usual suffix is -e- which appears in a few old verbs with roots ending in -u or -i. Sometimes the consonant /h/ may appear if a root contains a long vowel: ''walhuh'' "to put away" - ''lytlyheŋ'' "I put it away". | ||
====Suffixes==== | |||
*In Yrkyr noun declensions usually give enough information about which noun is the subject and which is the object. But this was not the case in Proto-Yrharian, which marked this distinction on the verb only. Modern Yrkyr inherited this system and innovated the other one so now it is marked twice. Animacy plays an important part in Yrkyr morphology. Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence should be the agent while the noun with lesser animacy is a patient. If both nouns are of an equal animacy then the roles are inferred from noun cases only. In all other cases an inverse marker '''-sw'''/'''-ru''' is used to indicate that the action is performed by someone of lower animacy. For example: both ''Eŋahn čilh lyteje'' and ''Čilh Eŋahn lyteje''means "Enga listens to the jay", and in order to say "The jay listens to Enga" an inverse marker is used, since the jay is a bird and thus has lower animacy and can not be in the ergative case: ''Eŋahn čilh lytiswi''. This can also be translated as "Enga is being listened to by the jay". | |||
*The impersonal marker '''-su''' is used either when the agent is unknown, like the English word "someone" or in general statements, that are true of any person, similarly to English "one" or "they say". | |||
*The '''verb type modifier''' is a special suffix attached to the verb in order to change or clarify the meaning of it. These modifiers are used to derive new verbs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
! Suffix | |||
! Meaning | |||
! Example | |||
! Translation | |||
|- | |||
| -u | |||
| State | |||
| ta-t-n-u | |||
| to be here | |||
|- | |||
| -as/-at | |||
| Act | |||
! my-rap-as | |||
| to cut with a knife | |||
|- | |||
| -in | |||
| Event | |||
| s-ul-in | |||
| to rain | |||
|- | |||
| -kyt | |||
| Motion | |||
| kʷa-kyt | |||
| to go forwards | |||
|- | |||
| -kʷe | |||
| Position | |||
| ip-an-kʷe-ŋ | |||
| I sit to the left<br>(from something) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Pronominal inflection==== | |||
Yrkyr verbs have person suffixes and mark both subjects and objects. The suffixes are inflected according to person and number. The subject suffix is always at the end of the verb. There is no animacy hierarchy in personal suffixes and the system in general is fairly simple: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|+ Person suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="3" | Subject suffixes !! colspan="3" | Object suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! First | |||
| -ŋ || -uŋ || -toŋ || -ŋ || -kuŋ || -k | |||
|- | |||
! Second | |||
| -š || -tos || -soŋ || -š || -kus || -kta | |||
|- | |||
! Third | |||
| -e || -us || -oŋ || -e || -se || -ce | |||
|- | |||
! Third (inverse) | |||
| colspan=3 | -i || colspan=3 | -(e)j | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
When the subject is the third person and has a lower animacy than the object and vice versa, then the third inverse person marker is used. Sometimes this marker may be fused to the stem in old verbs. According to another analysis of these suffixes, the actual third singular person marker (both direct and inverse) is zero and vowels -e-/-i- appear during alterations in the stem of the verb. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||