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Ndongan: Difference between revisions
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'''Ndongan''' (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. {{#invoke:Transliterator|qrqcyrl|Кѣязик Ндоҥске}}), in the universe of the play ''L′ywai! (Лѣвай!)'' by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the [[:w:History of the Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries)|Imperial Russian language]] and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the [[:w:Kikongo language|Kikongo]] and [[:w:Kimbundu language|Kimbundu language]]s. Being an official language in Ndonga, Chornarus, and Mozambique, the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former Russian Africa, acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war. | '''Ndongan''' (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. {{#invoke:Transliterator|qrqcyrl|Кѣязик Ндоҥске}}), in the universe of the play ''L′ywai! (Лѣвай!)'' by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the [[:w:History of the Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries)|Imperial Russian language]] and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the [[:w:Kikongo language|Kikongo]] and [[:w:Kimbundu language|Kimbundu language]]s. Being an official language in Ndonga, Chornarus, and Mozambique, the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former Russian Africa, acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war. | ||
As of [[:w:2016|the year 12016]], the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or African-Russian ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the [[:w:Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of [[:w:Reactionary|reactionary politics]] in Russia. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=bluetable style=text-align:center | |||
|+Ndongan consonant phonemes | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2 colspan=3| | |||
!colspan=2|[[:w:Labial consonants|Labial]] | |||
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]] | |||
!colspan=2|[[:w:Retroflex consonants|Retroflex/Palatal]] | |||
!colspan=2|[[:w:Velar consonants|Velar]] | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|hard}} | |||
!{{small|soft}} | |||
!{{small|hard}} | |||
!{{small|soft}} | |||
!{{small|hard}} | |||
!{{small|soft}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=3|[[:w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]] | |||
|{{IPA|m}} (м) | |||
|{{IPA|mʲ}} (мь) | |||
|colspan=2|{{IPA|n}} (н) | |||
|{{IPA|nʲ}} (нь) | |||
|{{IPA|ŋ}} (ҥ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=4|[[:w:Plosive|Plosive]] | |||
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Voiceless consonants|Voiceless]] | |||
!{{small|plain}} | |||
|{{IPA|p}} (п) | |||
|{{IPA|pʲ}} (пь) | |||
|{{IPA|t}} (т) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|k}} (к) | |||
|{{IPA|kʲ}} (кь) | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|[[:w:Prenasalized consonants|prenasalized]]}} | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐp}} (мп) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐpʲ}} (мпь) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿt}} (нт) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑk}} (ҥк) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑkʲ}} (ҥкь) | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Voiced consonants|Voiced]] | |||
!{{small|plain}} | |||
|{{IPA|b}} (б) | |||
|{{IPA|bʲ}} (бь) | |||
|{{IPA|d}} (д) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|g}} (г) | |||
|{{IPA|gʲ}} (гь) | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|prenasalized}} | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐb}} (мб) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐbʲ}} (мбь) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿd}} (нд) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑg}} (ҥг) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑgʲ}} (ҥгь) | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[:w:Affricate|Affricate]] | |||
!{{small|plain}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|t͡s}} (ц) | |||
|{{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} (ч) | |||
|{{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (чь,ць) | |||
|{{IPA|k͡x}} (кх) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|prenasalized}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿt͡s}} (нц) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿʈ͡ʂ}} (нч) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿt͡ʃ}} (нчь,нць) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑk͡x}} (ҥкх) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=4|[[:w:Fricative|Fricative]] | |||
!rowspan=2|Voiceless | |||
!{{small|plain}} | |||
|{{IPA|f}} (ф) | |||
|{{IPA|fʲ}} (фь) | |||
|{{IPA|s}} (с) | |||
|{{IPA|ʂ}} (ш) | |||
|{{IPA|ʃ}} (шь) | |||
|{{IPA|x}} (х) | |||
|{{IPA|xʲ}} (хь) | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|prenasalized}} | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐf}} (мф) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵐfʲ}} (мфь) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿs}} (нс) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿʂ}} (нш) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿʃ}} (ншь) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑx}} (ҥх) | |||
|{{IPA|ᵑxʲ}} (ҥхь) | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2|Voiced | |||
!{{small|plain}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|z}} (з) | |||
|{{IPA|ʐ}} (ж) | |||
|{{IPA|ʒ}} (жь) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!{{small|prenasalized}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿz}} (нз) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿʐ}} (нж) | |||
|{{IPA|ⁿʒ}} (нжь) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=3|[[:w:Approximant|Approximant]] | |||
|{{IPA|w}} (в) | |||
|{{IPA|wʲ~ɥ}} (вь) | |||
|{{IPA|lʲ}} (ль) | |||
|{{IPA|ɭ}} (л) | |||
|{{IPA|j}} (й) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=bluetable style=text-align:center | {| class=bluetable style=text-align:center | ||
| Line 118: | Line 250: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Non-phonemic aspiration=== | ===Non-phonemic aspiration=== | ||
===Prosody=== | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Gender=== | |||
===Noun declension=== | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
===Conjugation=== | |||
====1st conjugation==== | |||
{{Qrq-v-1|c=1}} | |||
====2nd conjugation==== | |||
{{Qrq-v-2|c=1}} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
===Constituent order=== | |||
===Noun phrase=== | |||
===Verb phrase=== | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Leipzig-Jakarta=== | ===Leipzig-Jakarta=== | ||
{{:Ndongan/Leipzig-Jakarta}} | {{:Ndongan/Leipzig-Jakarta}} | ||
==Other resources== | |||
[[Category:Ndongan]] | [[Category:Ndongan]] | ||