Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

Bźatga/History (view source)

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 ==History==
+===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
-* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
+* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''
-** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː''
+* '''Long vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables:'''
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Celtic !! Common Brittonic
+|-
+| ''ā, au'' || ''aː''
+|-
+| ''ai'' || ''ɛː''
+|-
+| ''ei'' || ''eː''
+|-
+| ''eu, ou'' || ''ɔː''
+|-
+| ''ī'' || ''iː''
+|-
+| ''oi'' || ''oː''
+|-
+| ''ū'' || ''uː''
+|}
 * '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
-** short vowels lowered
+** short vowels lowered: ''o > ɔ'' (merges with ''a''), ''i'' > ''e'', ''u > o''
 ** long vowels shortened
 * '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s'''''
@@ Line 11: / Line 29: @@
 ** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
 ** ''s'' > ''h''
+** ''st'' > ''ss''
+===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)===
+Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.
 * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
-** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
+** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː''
-** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
+* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel'''
-* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
+** ''ɛː > ea > ia''
-** ''ɛː > ia''
+** ''eː > ie''
-** ''ē > ie''
+** ''ɔː > oa > ua''
-* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-'''''
+** ''oː > uo''
-** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
+* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
-** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
+** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
+** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
+** ''ɣC > jC'' (note ''ɣj'' already ''j'')
+** ''Cɣ > Cw, Cj'' depending on the quality of the preceding vowel
+* '''Vocalisation of ''-h-'''''
 ** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''.
 *** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo''
-*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːe, ɛːi''
+*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːje, ɛːji''
 ** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
 * '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
-** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β''
+** ''v'' (from PrC. ''b''), ''ṽ'' (from PrC. ''m'') and ''w'' (from PrC. ''w, g, h'') merge into a single sound, probably the bilabial fricative ''β''
+** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
 ** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
-** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
+===Old Bźatga (8th to 12th centuries)===
+Defined as the period from the first written records to the phonemicisation of iotisation.
 * '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
 ** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
 * '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
-** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
+** all long vowels become short, creating an 8 vowel system.
 ** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ''
-** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o''
+** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'', merging with existing ''ɪ, ʊ'' as ''ê, ô'' (note ''ɪj''V, ''uβ''V become ''ij''V, ''uβ''V.
-** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ''
+** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u''
 ** the new vowel system:
@@ Line 58: / Line 87: @@
 <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
-<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
-<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
@@ Line 101: / Line 130: @@
 |}
-* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
-** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''
-** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'')
 * '''Iotisation'''
 ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
@@ Line 111: / Line 137: @@
 ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
 * '''Merger of semivowels
-** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
+** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
 ** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
-** ''ovi'' > ''oi''
+** ''oβi'' > ''oi''
+===Middle Bźatga (12th to 16th centuries)===
+Defined as the period in which syncope phonemicised iotised consonants to the period of renewed contact with the outside world.
 * '''Syncope'''
 ** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
@@ Line 120: / Line 149: @@
 ** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
 ** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''
+===Modern Bźatga (16th century to Present)===
+Following the Middle Bźatga period, phonology has remained fairly stable but there has been a significant amount of analogical levelling in the inflectional paradigms, along with a considerable growth in borrowed words, particularly of a scientific and technological nature. The modern period also saw the replacement of the archaic, formal written language with a vernacular form and the creation of the modern spelling system.
 ====Examples====