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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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In colloquial Lifashian, the present alone is commonly used with a future meaning. | In colloquial Lifashian, the present alone is commonly used with a future meaning. | ||
====Subjunctive==== | |||
The Lifashian subjunctive continues the PIE optative, but with its own distinct endings, which are a mix of secondary and imperative endings. It is formed by adding, to the root: | |||
* For roots conjugated according to the present classes II, V, or VIII: ''-ó-'' in all persons; | |||
* For all other roots: ''-ew-'' (stressed) in the singular forms, ''-í-'' in the plural ones (stressed on the ending). | |||
The synthetic subjunctive is only used in the present. Examples: | |||
: ''beróm'' (cf. pres. ind. ''berámi'', class II), ''beródi'', ''berótu'', ''berówe'', ''beróte'', ''berótu''. | |||
: ''elewm'' (cf. pres. ind. ''elemi'', class I), ''elewdi'', ''elewtu'', ''elíwe'', ''elíte'', ''elítu''. | |||
The subjunctive is used after most conjunctions, such as ''ent'' "in order to, cf. Latin ''ut''". Example: ''Pambúgim ent somalam túnayam húóm.'' "I'll stay in order to hear the entire speech." | |||
====Compound verbs==== | ====Compound verbs==== | ||
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The lexical element is often an invariable adverbial element which may correspond to the stem of an adjective (either a native adjective - cf. ''ulmarstás'' "forgotten" and ''ulmarst purémi'' "I forget" - or a borrowed one - cf. ''tamízás'' "clean" and ''tamíz purémi'' "I clean") or a borrowed stem (from nouns, participles, or verb stems), such as in ''emansip purémi'' "I emancipate" (ultimately from French, through Russian), ''ámóht berámi'' "I teach" (from Persian), or ''espéti lelúmi'' "I wait" (from Ligurian). | The lexical element is often an invariable adverbial element which may correspond to the stem of an adjective (either a native adjective - cf. ''ulmarstás'' "forgotten" and ''ulmarst purémi'' "I forget" - or a borrowed one - cf. ''tamízás'' "clean" and ''tamíz purémi'' "I clean") or a borrowed stem (from nouns, participles, or verb stems), such as in ''emansip purémi'' "I emancipate" (ultimately from French, through Russian), ''ámóht berámi'' "I teach" (from Persian), or ''espéti lelúmi'' "I wait" (from Ligurian). | ||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||
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|+ '''''esyim'' "to be"''' | |+ '''''esyim'' "to be"''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future (1) !! Future (2) | ! !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future (1) !! Future (2) !! Subjunctive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1SG | ! 1SG | ||
| esyim || astám || búhit (e)syim || rowspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | present of<br/> ''frálmi'' "I become" || buhegim, búgim | | esyim || astám || búhit (e)syim || rowspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | present of<br/> ''frálmi'' "I become" || buhegim, búgim || búhewm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SG | ! 2SG | ||
| esyi || astás || búhit (e)syi || buhegis, búgis | | esyi || astás || búhit (e)syi || buhegis, búgis || búhewdi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SG | ! 3SG | ||
| esti || astát || búhit e(sti) || buhegi, búgi | | esti || astát || búhit e(sti) || buhegi, búgi || búhewtu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| somé || astame || búhit somé || buhegime, búgime | | somé || astame || búhit somé || buhegime, búgime || búhíwe | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| iste || astate || búhit iste || buhegite, búgite | | iste || astate || búhit iste || buhegite, búgite || búhíte | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL | ! 3PL | ||
| séti || astát || búhit séti || buhegít, búgít | | séti || astát || búhit séti || buhegít, búgít || búhítu | ||
|} | |} | ||