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==Basic Grammar== | ==Basic Grammar== | ||
Sceptrian | Sceptrian utilizes fusional inflections and has an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. The language is rather head-initial and its primary word order is verb-agent-object. | ||
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**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | **Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | ||
*'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with only one plosive: ''kat'', ''kańt'', ''kańts''. Glides can appear in coda as well: ''tokl'' | *'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with only one plosive: ''kat'', ''kańt'', ''kańts''. Glides can appear in coda as well: ''tokl'' | ||
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and voiced plosives (voiced fricatives rarely) never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. | **Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives (voiced fricatives rarely) never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. | ||
**In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/ | |||
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. | *Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. | ||
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/ | **Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/ | ||
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Consonant variation: | Consonant variation: | ||
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | *Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | ||
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | *Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | ||
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''. | *With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''. | ||
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/. | *Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/. | ||
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!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u'' | !colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u'' | ||
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P'' | !colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P'' | ||
! style="width: 20px"| '' | ! style="width: 20px"| ''l'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| ||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| | |<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| ||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Ergative | ! style=""| Ergative | ||
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || | | AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fele || Neen || Nenge || uu || uushu || Pee || Ple || le | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Dative | ! style=""| Dative | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | *''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | ||
*''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' | *''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' as well as affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' | ||
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | *''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | ||
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | *''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | ||
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Affixes mingle with the cases... Alienable vs. inalienable ''Dothee óntelon gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.) | Affixes mingle with the cases... Alienable vs. inalienable ''Dothee óntelon gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.) | ||
*Interpretations: ''gat dothi'' (the house which the man has temporarily settled in = rented), ''gat dothor'' (the house which is owned by the man) | |||
*''gatlsl'' (his houses), ''gatlóf'' (their houses), ''gatsh'' (with his/their house), ''gatos'' (with his houses), ''gatós'' (with their houses), ''gatees, gateis, gans, ..., gatósó, gatsu, gattos'' argh! | *''gatlsl'' (his houses), ''gatlóf'' (their houses), ''gatsh'' (with his/their house), ''gatos'' (with his houses), ''gatós'' (with their houses), ''gatees, gateis, gans, ..., gatósó, gatsu, gattos'' argh! | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+ 1st and 2nd person possession | |||
|- | |||
!Person | |||
!colspan="2"|Singular | |||
!colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! ALIEN !! INAL !! ALIEN !! INAL | |||
|- | |||
!1st | |||
| (ae)ń || (ae)nga || (oe)m || (oe)ngó | |||
|- | |||
!2nd | |||
| (o)f || (oe)fo || (e)v || (oe)voe | |||
|- | |||
!2.POL | |||
| (a)tha || (a)tazh || (a)dhó || (a)dózh | |||
|} | |||
*Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''né!''''' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!) | *Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''né!''''' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!) | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+ 3rd person possession | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!3rd person→ | |||
!colspan="2"|Singular | |||
!colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
!Possessum | |||
! ALIEN !! INAL !! ALIEN !! INAL | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|ABS | |||
! SG | |||
| (o)s || (o)zh || (o)slo || (o) | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| (o)sl || (o)zho || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|ERG | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|DAT | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|POS | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|INS | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|LAT | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|LOC | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|ABL | |||
! SG | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! PL | |||
| || || || | |||
|} | |||
* | |||
History: noun + agreeing possessor pronoun --> noun+suffix/infix.case (i.e. something terrible...) Oh, what have I done‽ | History: noun + agreeing possessor pronoun --> noun+suffix/infix.case (i.e. something terrible...) Oh, what have I done‽ |
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