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Sceptrian (view source)

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==Basic Grammar==
==Basic Grammar==


Sceptrian is a fusional language with large morpheme per word ratio, but the morphemes themselves convey more information. The primary word order of the language is verb-agent-object while antipassive constructions use subject-verb(-object). Sceptrian has two numbers, three persons, three grammatical genders, seven declensions and nine inflectional cases with an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are conjugated for three tenses, additional aspects and various moods. These all will be discussed below.
Sceptrian utilizes fusional inflections and has an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. The language is rather head-initial and its primary word order is verb-agent-object.




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**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word.  
**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word.  
*'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with only one plosive: ''kat'', ''kańt'', ''kańts''. Glides can appear in coda as well: ''tokl''
*'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with only one plosive: ''kat'', ''kańt'', ''kańts''. Glides can appear in coda as well: ''tokl''
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and voiced plosives (voiced fricatives rarely) never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/.
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives (voiced fricatives rarely) never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/.
**In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are.  
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are.  
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/
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Consonant variation:
Consonant variation:
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.  
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.  
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''.
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''.
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/.
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/.
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!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u''  
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u''  
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P''  
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P''  
! style="width: 20px"| ''r''
! style="width: 20px"| ''l''
|-
|-
|<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| ||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||
|<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>|| ||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||<small>SG</small>||<small>PL</small>||
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|-  
|-  
! style=""| Ergative  
! style=""| Ergative  
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Neng || uu || uush || Pee || Ple || le
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fele || Neen || Nenge || uu || uushu || Pee || Ple || le
|-
|-
! style=""| Dative  
! style=""| Dative  
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|}
|}
*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó''
*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó''
*''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h''
*''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' as well as affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh''
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q''
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q''
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Affixes mingle with the cases... Alienable vs. inalienable ''Dothee óntelon gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)  
Affixes mingle with the cases... Alienable vs. inalienable ''Dothee óntelon gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)  
*Interpretations: ''gat dothi'' (the house which the man has temporarily settled in = rented), ''gat dothor'' (the house which is owned by the man)
*''gatlsl'' (his houses), ''gatlóf'' (their houses), ''gatsh'' (with his/their house), ''gatos'' (with his houses), ''gatós'' (with their houses), ''gatees, gateis, gans, ..., gatósó, gatsu, gattos'' argh!
*''gatlsl'' (his houses), ''gatlóf'' (their houses), ''gatsh'' (with his/their house), ''gatos'' (with his houses), ''gatós'' (with their houses), ''gatees, gateis, gans, ..., gatósó, gatsu, gattos'' argh!
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ 1st and 2nd person possession
|-
!Person
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!
! ALIEN !! INAL !! ALIEN !! INAL
|-
!1st
| (ae)ń || (ae)nga || (oe)m || (oe)ngó
|-
!2nd
| (o)f || (oe)fo || (e)v || (oe)voe
|-
!2.POL
| (a)tha || (a)tazh || (a)dhó || (a)dózh
|}
*Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''né!''''' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!)
*Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''né!''''' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ 3rd person possession
|-
!
!3rd person→
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! Case
!Possessum
! ALIEN !! INAL !! ALIEN !! INAL
|-
!rowspan="2"|ABS
! SG
| (o)s || (o)zh || (o)slo || (o)
|-
! PL
| (o)sl || (o)zho ||  || 
|-
!rowspan="2"|ERG
! SG
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|DAT
! SG
|  ||  ||  ||   
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|POS
! SG
|  ||  ||  || 
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|INS
! SG
|  ||  ||  || 
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|LAT
! SG
|  ||  ||  || 
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|LOC
! SG
|  ||  ||  || 
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|ABL
! SG
|  ||  ||  || 
|-
! PL
|  ||  ||  ||
|}
*


History: noun + agreeing possessor pronoun --> noun+suffix/infix.case (i.e. something terrible...) Oh, what have I done‽
History: noun + agreeing possessor pronoun --> noun+suffix/infix.case (i.e. something terrible...) Oh, what have I done‽
Juhhmi
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