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| Based on the works and the field studies of the linguists ''John G. Crossing'' and ''James Mitchell'', there have been many attempts to reconstruct the hypothesised '''Proto-Jivan''' language, the supposed ancestor of the [[Ris]] and [[Kiwi]] languages. | | Based on the works and the field studies of the linguists ''John G. Crossing'' and ''James Mitchell'', there have been many attempts to reconstruct the hypothesised '''Proto-Jivan''' language, the supposed ancestor of the [[Ris]] and [[Tsan]] languages. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Sample== |
| ===Vowels=== | | ===Tsan=== |
| The Proto-Jivan phonology has turned out to be fairly straight-forward, and its vowels were the first to be deciphered.
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ > ɰ |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>j > j |
| |-
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʰ > *kʰ > k |
| |+ '''Jivan vowel accordance'''
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>g > *k > *kʲ > t͡s |
| ! Proto-Jivan|| Ris|| Kiwi || Niki
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʈ > tr |
| |-
| | ===Ris=== |
| | '''*a''' || a || a ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ > *ɰ > j |
| |-
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>j > *ɕ > s |
| | '''*a:''' || ā || ā ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʰ > *kʰ > k |
| |-
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>g > k |
| | '''*ay''' || || ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʈ > *ɽ > *ɻ > ɹ |
| |-
| | ===Ajami=== |
| | '''*e''' || a, ∅ || a, e ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ > V[+back]/ø |
| |-
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>j > *dj > d |
| | '''*e:''' || ā || i ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʰ > gʰ |
| |-
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>g > g |
| | '''*ey''' || || ||
| | *<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʈ > *ʂ > ɕ |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ə''' || a, ∅ || a, o ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*ə:''' || e || e ||
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| |-
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| | '''*əy''' || ā || ai ||
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| |-
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| | '''*i''' || i || i ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*i:''' || ī, i || ī ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*iy''' || || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*u''' || u || u ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*u:''' || ū || ū ||
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| |-
| |
| | '''*uy''' || || ||
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ===Consonants=== | |
| The Proto-Jivan consonants are much more of an ordeal to reconstruct. Both Ris and Kiwi turned out to massacre the consonants, whilst the Niki language seems to have retained more of the consonants than the vowels.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ '''Jivan consonant accordance'''
| |
| ! Proto-Jivan|| Ris|| Kiwi || Niki
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*m''' || m || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*n''' || n, ṇ || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ŋ''' || ṇ || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*b''' || b, p || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*bʰ''' || bh, ph, b, p || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*tʰ''' || th, t || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*t''' || t || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*tʷ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*tʰ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*d''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*dʷ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*dʰ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*k''' || || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*kʷ''' || || ||
| |
| |-
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| | '''*kʰ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*g''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*gʷ''' || || ||
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| |-
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| | '''*gʰ''' || || ||
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| |-
| |
| | '''*r''' || || ||
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ==Ris==
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| ===Sound changes=== | |
| The following sound changes are hypothesised to have occured in the Ris language.
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| | |
| *C[+plos +asp -lab] > C[+plos +asp -lab] /_ | |
| *C[+plos -asp -lab] > C[+plos -asp -lab] /#_
| |
| *V > V: /_V(V[+lost])
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| | |
| *a(:) > a(:) /_ | |
| *h > ḥ /_ | |
| *ə > a /_
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| *əy > ə /C[+lab]_C
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| *C[-plos]əC[+plos] > C[+plos]əC[-plos] /_C | |
| *ə > ∅ /C_C[+trill] | |
| *kʷ > v /#_ | |
| ::(kʷ > kv > hv > v)
| |
| *kʷ > w /V_V | |
| *wV > w /V_C | |
| *tʷ > ṛ /V_V | |
| *i: > i /_
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| *C[+plos -asp -lab] > t /V_i
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| *e: > a: /C[+lab]_ | |