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Hantza/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Verb template== | ||
Hantza verbs obey a position class template; their affixes are added to the stem in a specific order. The table below illustrates this template. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="3" |Person prefixes | |||
! colspan="3" |Other prefixes | |||
! colspan="1" |Stem | |||
! colspan="2" |Suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| <small>object</small> | |||
| <small>direct object</small> | |||
| <small>indirect object</small> | |||
| <small>category I</small> | |||
| <small>category II</small> | |||
| <small>category III</small> | |||
| <small>copula</small> | |||
| <small>stem</small> | |||
| <small>evidentiality</small> | |||
| <small>negative</small> | |||
|} | |||
Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all of these slots to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant. | |||
==Person marking== | |||
Verbs in Hantza have polypersonal agreement: | Verbs in Hantza have polypersonal agreement: | ||
* First person singular | * First person singular | ||
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==Mode== | ==Mode== | ||
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes. | Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes. These are divided into three categories. Categories I and II can co-occur with one another but category III prefixes cannot occur with any other mode prefixes. Category I prefixes denote "primary aspect", category II "secondary aspect" and category III "deontic". | ||
Category I - primary aspect: | |||
* Imperfective (unmarked) | * Imperfective (unmarked) | ||
* Iterative | * Iterative | ||
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* Retrospective | * Retrospective | ||
* Future | * Future | ||
Category II - secondary aspect: | |||
* Inchoative | * Inchoative | ||
* Cessative | * Cessative | ||
* Irrealis | * Irrealis | ||
Category III - deontic: | |||
* Optative | * Optative | ||
* Cohortative | * Cohortative | ||