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Minhast/Dialectology: Difference between revisions
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→"The Twelve Speakers" Classification System
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Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | ||
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*Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'' | *Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'' | ||
*Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ] | *Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ] | ||
*Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/ | *Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of <br/> /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/ | ||
*V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/ | *V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of <br/> pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/ | ||
*Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects | *Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
*Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'') | *Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''-naħk-'' + verb root <br/>(+ Nominalizer ''-naft'') | ||
*Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'' | *Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'' | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' | *Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' <br/>(cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained | ||
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Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%) | Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%) | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved | ||
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | *Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | *Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
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| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | | North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved | ||
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | *Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | ||
*Phonemes /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/, c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory" | *Phonemes /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin, e.g. /qaraq/, c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory" | ||
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | *Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
*Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | *Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
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! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
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! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
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! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
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! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' | ||
*Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/ | *Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/ | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | ||
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! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ||
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Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies) | Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies) | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'' | ||
*Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass | *Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass | ||
*''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr'' | *''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr'' | ||
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*Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country) | *Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country) | ||
*Habitative Affix ''-usun-'' | *Habitative Affix ''-usun-'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes: | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes: | ||
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</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
*Locative noun derived by adding | *Locative noun derived by adding deverbal locative suffix ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language | ||
*Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' | *Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker <br/>''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
*Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok'' (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin" | *Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok'' (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin" | ||
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*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | *Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | ||
*Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive | *Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone | ||
*Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | *Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | ||
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| Nentie, Isku Prefectures | | Nentie, Isku Prefectures | ||
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'' | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'' | ||
*Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive | *Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive | ||
*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'' | *Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | ||
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*Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | *Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | ||
*Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient | *Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient | ||
*Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints | *Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints | ||
*Habitative Affix ''-sun-'' | *Habitative Affix ''-sun-'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | ||
*Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% | *Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 15% to 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% | ||
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