Minhast/Dialectology: Difference between revisions

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Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
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*Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
*Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi''


*Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];
*Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ]


*Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/;
*Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of <br/> /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/


*V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;
*V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of <br/> pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/


*Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;
*Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone


*Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');
*Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''-naħk-'' + verb root <br/>(+ Nominalizer ''-naft'')


*Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';
*Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī''


*Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
*Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' <br/>(cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
   
   
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Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%)
Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%)
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved


*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone


*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
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| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved


*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/


*Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"
*Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin, e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"


*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe-'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone


*Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
*Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone
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! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone
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! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone
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! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone
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! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi''  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi''  
*Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/
*Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone  
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! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
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Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'';
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia''  


*Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
*Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass


*''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''
*''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''
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*Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)
*Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)


*Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';
*Habitative Affix ''-usun-''


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes:
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes:
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>


*Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;
*Locative noun derived by adding deverbal locative suffix ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language


*Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
*Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker <br/>''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''


*Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok''  (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin"
*Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok''  (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin"
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*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';


*Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
*Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone


*Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
*Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
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| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
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*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie''


*Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
*Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive


*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone


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*Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/
*Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/


*Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
*Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient  


*Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints;
*Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints


*Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';
*Habitative Affix ''-sun-''


*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone


*Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
*Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 15% to 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
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