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Modern Phrygian: Difference between revisions

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Modern Phrygian (view source)

Revision as of 07:55, 18 April 2022

2,747 bytes removed ,  18 April 2022
→‎Consonants
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Line 162: Line 162:
| [ŋ]
| [ŋ]
|
|
| This applies when the following consonant is non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩, ⟨ξ⟩, or ⟨χ⟩.
| This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|-
|-
| before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç])
| before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç])
| [ɲ]
| [ɲ]
|
|
| This applies when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩, ⟨ξ⟩, or ⟨χ⟩.
| This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|-
|-
| everywhere else
| everywhere else
Line 201: Line 201:
| [ð]
| [ð]
|
|
|-
| ει
| after a consonant and before a vowel
| [ʝ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
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| [ʒ]
| [ʒ]
|
|
|
|-
| η
| after a consonant and before a vowel
| [ʝ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|  
|  
|-
| κζ
| everywhere
| [ɡz]
|
|
|-
| κζ̌
| everywhere
| [ɡʒ]
|
|
|-
|-
| λ(λ)
| λ(λ)
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|
|
|-
|-
| ν(ν)
| rowspan="2"| ν
| everywhere
| non-final
| [n]
| [n]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| ν(ν)ι
| final
| before a vowel
| [-̃, ɰ̃]
| [ɲ]
|
|
|
| Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
|-
|-
<!--
| νν
| utterance-final
| everywhere
| [p]
| [n]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''c'''
| ν(ν)ι
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before a vowel
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| [ɲ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| ξ
| [k]
|
|
|-
| before voiced consonants
| [ɣ˕]
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| [ks]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''ç'''
| ξ̌
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
| [kʃ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''d'''
| οι
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| after a consonant and before a vowel
| [d̪]
| [ʝ]
|
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| ου
| Ø
| after a consonant or word-initial and before a vowel
|
| [w]
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="3"| π
| [ð̞]
| after vowel or liquid
| [b̥]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| utterance-final
| after nasal
| [t̪]
| [b]
|
|
|
|-
| '''f'''
| everywhere
| [f]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="5"| '''g'''
| otherwise
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [p]
| [dʒ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| ππ
| [ʒ]
| everywhere
|
| [p]
|
|
|
|-
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| πζ
| [ɡ]
| everywhere
| [bz]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| πζ̌
| [ɣ˕]
| everywhere
| [bʒ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| utterance-final
| ρ(ρ)
| [k]
| [r ~ ɾ]
|
|
|
| In free variation.
|-
|-
| '''gh'''
| σ(σ)
| everywhere
| [s]
| [ʕ]
|
|
| In Arabic loanwords
|  
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"|'''gu'''
| rowspan="3"| τ
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| after vowel or liquid
| [ɡw]
| [d̥]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| after nasal
| [ɣ˕w]
| [d]
|
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| otherwise
| [ɣ˕]
| [t]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''gü'''
| ττ
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ˕w]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [h] or [ħ] or [x]
| [t]
|
|
| Generally occurs in loanwords.
|  
|-
| everywhere (rare)
| Ø
|
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''j'''
| τσ
| either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ʒ]
|
|
|-
| '''k'''
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings
| [k]
|
|
|-
| '''l'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [l]
| [ts]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''lh'''
| τσ̌
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ʎ]
| [tʃ]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''m'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| [m]
|
|
|-
| word-final
| [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''n'''
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| [n]
|
|
|-
| before other consonants
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
|
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
| word-finally
|[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''nh'''
| τζ
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ɲ]
| [dz]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''p'''
| τζ̌
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [p]
| [dʒ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| rowspan="4" | υ
| [β̞]
| after a consonant and before a vowel
|
| [ʝ]
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''qu'''
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [m]
| [k]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant
| [kw]
| [f]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''qü'''
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [v]
| [kw]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| [r]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ɾ]
|
|
|-
| '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [r]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''s'''
| word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final
| [s]
|
|
|-
| everywhere else
| [z]
|
|
|-
| '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [s]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''t'''
| φ
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [t̪]
| [t]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before voiced consonants
| rowspan="2"| χ
| [ð̞]
| before front vowel
|
| [ç]
|
|
|
|-
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| otherwise
| Ø
| [x]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''v'''
| χι
| everywhere
| before vowel
| [v]
| [ç]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''w'''
| ψ
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [w]
| [ps]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''x'''
|ψ̌
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ʃ]
| [pʃ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| between vowels and word-finally
| [ks]
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
|-
| before a consonant
| [ks] or [s]
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
|-
| in the prefix ''ex-''
| [z]; [s] before a plosive
|
|
|-
| '''y'''
| everywhere except when acting as a vowel
| [j]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|-
| everywhere else
| [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
|
|-->
|}
|}
<!--
=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 658: Line 537:
! Examples !! Remarks
! Examples !! Remarks
|-
|-
| '''a'''
| α
| style="text-align:center;"|[ä]
| style="text-align:center;"|[a]
|  
|  
| Actually closer to [ä].
|-
| ε
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |[e]
|  
|  
| rowspan="2" | Actually closet to [e̞].
|-
|-
| '''e'''
| αι
| style="text-align:center;"|[e̞]
|
| ι
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"|[i]
|
|
|-
| η
|
|
|-
| υ
|
|  
|  
|-
| ει
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''i'''
| οι
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[i]
|
|
|
|-
| υι
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''y'''
| ο
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[o]
|
|
| Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction ''y'' and the homophonous adverbial pronoun.
| rowspan="2"| Actually closer to [o̞].
|-
|-
| '''o'''
| ω
| style="text-align:center;"|[o̞]
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''u'''
| ου
| style="text-align:center;"|[u]
| style="text-align:center;"|[u]
|  
|  
|
|
|}
|}
 
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel letters in diphthongs
|+ Vowel letters in diphthongs
Shariifka
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