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Sharqi: Difference between revisions
→Stem 1
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Stem 1==== | ====Stem 1==== | ||
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. <!--The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.--> | ||
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | *''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | ||
**''F'': first root consonant | **''F'': first root consonant | ||
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*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also | ***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid''). | ||
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | ***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
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***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | ***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | ||
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | **Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | **A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | **y, yC, or Cy: | ||
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**G: | **G: | ||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ||
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ***When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
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**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***''(a)way'' becomes '' | ***''(a)way'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''cafoy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway''). | ||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ||
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***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ||
***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ||
***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. '' | ***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yooddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ||
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
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=====Compound tenses===== | =====Compound tenses===== | ||
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going". | *Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going". | ||
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present" ( | **This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present". | ||
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of '' | **''Halaw'' (stem: ''h-l-w'') is conjugated as a perfect verb, but has present meaning. Its past equivalent is ''nabraw'' (stem: ''n-b-r''). | ||
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''nabraw'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeéd nabrúun'' "they were walking/going". | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
<!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO | <!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO xor AH KANA SIMAN XAGGA sharafta IYO xuquuqda. WAXA Ilaahay SIIYAY WACYI IYO damiir, WAANA IN QOF WALBA QOFKA KALE ULA DHAQMAA SI WALAALTINIMO AH.--> | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||