Swuntsim: Difference between revisions

Swuntsim (view source)

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 ==Morphology==
-Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.
-===Nouns===
-The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
-''-s-'' is often inserted between nouns in compounds.
-Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with ''gü-'' in this case.
-Original noun class prefixes:
-#'ə-, pl. cə-/c-
-#u-, pl. də-/d-
-#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
-#s-, pl. dus-
-#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
-#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
-#c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
-#sju-, pl. N-
-#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
-#ti-/t-, no plural
-#ti-, no plural
-#pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
-Expected noun class affixes:
-#'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
-#ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
-#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
-#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
-#*0-, pl. dü-
-#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
-#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
-#tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
-#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
-#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
-#t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
-#pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)
-===Pronouns===
-*''o'' = I
-*''fo'' = you (sg)
-*''ot'' = we
-*''tsü'' = you (pl)
-====Possessive pronouns====
-*1sg o-
-*2sg fo-
-*1pl gwə-
-*2pl tsü-
-===Determiners===
-TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
-*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
-*many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)'
-*few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
-*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
-===Adjectives===
-Like in English, there is a class of adjectives, which denote relatively permanent states. Adjectives agree with the noun in animacy and number, and come after the noun.
-*Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
-*Attributive:
-**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
-**''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'
-===Verbs===
-The infinitive affix is ''t-'' for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ''ti-'' for verb stems beginning with a consonant.
-====Concord====
-The animate subject affix is ''ə-'' in the singular and ''tsə-'' in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.
-Personal affixes:
-*1sg ''cwə-''
-*2sg ''fo-''
-*1pl ''gwə-''
-*2pl ''tsü-''
-====Tense====
-Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
-*''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet'
-*''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet'
-*''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met'
-*''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet'
-*''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met'
-*''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met'
-*''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet'
-etc.
-*''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet
-====Mood====
-The imperative mood is formed as follows:
-*''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg)
-*'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl)
-====Voice====
-Voices:
-*active: 0-
-*mediopassive: ''tσə-''
-*applicative: ''gwiσ-''
-*causative: ''u-''
-Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
-====Emphatic====
-One way to emphasize a verb is to place the emphatic clitic ''=tf'' after it.
-===Derivational morphology===
-*''-əσ'' = adverbializer
-*reduplication = verbalizer
-*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs
-Old noun classes are derivational
-compounds are head final
 ==Constructions==