Swuntsim: Difference between revisions

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Swuntsim (view source)

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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.
===Nouns===
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
''-s-'' is often inserted between nouns in compounds.
Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with ''gü-'' in this case.
Original noun class prefixes:
#'ə-, pl. cə-/c-
#u-, pl. də-/d-
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
#s-, pl. dus-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
#c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
#sju-, pl. N-
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
#ti-/t-, no plural
#ti-, no plural
#pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
Expected noun class affixes:
#'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
#ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
#*0-, pl. dü-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
#pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)
===Pronouns===
*''o'' = I
*''fo'' = you (sg)
*''ot'' = we
*''tsü'' = you (pl)
====Possessive pronouns====
*1sg o-
*2sg fo-
*1pl gwə-
*2pl tsü-
===Determiners===
TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
*many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)'
*few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
===Adjectives===
Like in English, there is a class of adjectives, which denote relatively permanent states. Adjectives agree with the noun in animacy and number, and come after the noun.
*Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
*Attributive:
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
**''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'
===Verbs===
The infinitive affix is ''t-'' for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ''ti-'' for verb stems beginning with a consonant.
====Concord====
The animate subject affix is ''ə-'' in the singular and ''tsə-'' in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.
Personal affixes:
*1sg ''cwə-''
*2sg ''fo-''
*1pl ''gwə-''
*2pl ''tsü-''
====Tense====
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
*''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet'
*''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet'
*''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met'
*''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet'
*''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met'
*''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met'
*''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet'
etc.
*''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet
====Mood====
The imperative mood is formed as follows:
*''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg)
*'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl)
====Voice====
Voices:
*active: 0-
*mediopassive: ''tσə-''
*applicative: ''gwiσ-''
*causative: ''u-''
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
====Emphatic====
One way to emphasize a verb is to place the emphatic clitic ''=tf'' after it.
===Derivational morphology===
*''-əσ'' = adverbializer
*reduplication = verbalizer
*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs
Old noun classes are derivational
compounds are head final


==Constructions==
==Constructions==
IlL
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