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Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions
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===ū- and ī-grades=== | ===ū- and ī-grades=== | ||
Unlike in Proto-Indo-European, in Carpathian '''u''' and '''i''' were full vowels and took part in quantitative alternations alongside '''o''' and '''e'''. Resulting mostly from the loss of laryngeals "ū" and "ī" gave rise to a lengthened grade, which later spread by analogy and was employed in several morphological categories: | Unlike in Proto-Indo-European, in Carpathian '''u''' and '''i''' were full vowels and took part in quantitative alternations alongside '''o''' and '''e'''. Resulting mostly from the loss of laryngeals "ū" and "ī" gave rise to a lengthened grade, which later spread by analogy and was employed in several morphological categories: | ||
*Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: '' | *Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: '''''ū'''ktei'' “to learn”, '''''au'''kītei'' “to teach” (full grade), ''uknautei'' “to get accustomed” (zero grade). | ||
*Deriving substantives from verbs with zero grade: '' | *Deriving substantives from verbs with zero grade: ''ź'''ū'''ka'' “nickname” from ''ź'''u'''hētei'' “to call”, ''pil'''ī'''skas'' “patter” from ''pil'''i'''skātei'' “to clap, to patter”. | ||
*Forming iterative verbs from the non-iterative ones: '' | *Forming iterative verbs from the non-iterative ones: ''kal'''āwī'''tei'' “to be praising” from ''kal'''au'''tei'' “to be famous”. This type is unproductive and may be a borrowing from the Slavic languages (''slaviti'' from ''sluti'' respectively). | ||
===ui-grade=== | ===ui-grade=== | ||
The lengthened grade of the '''u''' and '''i''' vowels arose very early, secured by the loss of laryngeals in that position. The origin of the diphthong '''ui''' is more obscure, however. It might have appeared through an analogy with other "i"-type diphthongs ("ai" and "ei") as a full grade of the vowel "u". In the standard "ū" is a lengthened grade and "au" is a full grade instead. A few verbs show this grade in dialects, such as ''muitei'' “to wash”, ''hruitei'' “to dig” and ''kiruitei'' “to cover” (Standard: ''mautei'', ''hrūtei'' “to tear out” and ''karautei'' respectively). | The lengthened grade of the '''u''' and '''i''' vowels arose very early, secured by the loss of laryngeals in that position. The origin of the diphthong '''ui''' is more obscure, however. It might have appeared through an analogy with other "i"-type diphthongs ("ai" and "ei") as a full grade of the vowel "u". In the standard "ū" is a lengthened grade and "au" is a full grade instead. A few verbs show this grade in dialects, such as ''muitei'' “to wash”, ''hruitei'' “to dig” and ''kiruitei'' “to cover” (Standard: ''mautei'', ''hrūtei'' “to tear out” and ''karautei'' respectively). | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||