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Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions
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→The qualitative ablaut
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However, qualitative ablaut is still visible and productive in several derivational categories: | However, qualitative ablaut is still visible and productive in several derivational categories: | ||
*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''rektei'' “to say” — ''rakas'' “law”, ''bergetei'' “to protect” — ''bargas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''garmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''germetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''girmētei'' “to thunder” still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive. | *[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''rektei'' “to say” — ''rakas'' “law”, ''bergetei'' “to protect” — ''bargas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''garmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''germetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''girmētei'' “to thunder”, derived from the e-grade verb, still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive. | ||
*Substantives, ending in ''-ā'', denoting the product of an action, derived from verbs with e-vowel roots: ''nertei'' “to plunge” — ''narā'' “hole, burrow”; ''pentei'' “to stretch” — ''panā'' “curtain”; ''weltei'' “to allow” — ''waliā'' “will, freedom”. | |||
*Substantives, ending in ''-is'', denoting agents of action, tools or states: ''sengetei'' “to reach” — ''sangis'' “reaching one”. No longer productive. | |||
*Progressive or iterative verbs with a-vowel: ''nestei'' “bring, carry” — ''nasītei'' “to be carrying”; ''lemtei'' “to break” — ''lamītei'' “to be breaking”. | |||
*Causative verbs with a-vowel from adjectives with e-vowel: ''teišas'' “still, quiet” — ''taišītei'' “to console”. | |||
==Zero-grade== | |||
In Proto-Indo-European the zero-grade ablaut arose in originally unstressed syllables and was represented by absence of a vowel, or by syllabic sonorants. In Carpathian the old zero-grade was replaced by short "i"- or "u"-vowels, when before a syllabic sonorant. The original zero-grade with no vowel is rare and unproductive in Carpathian, often being altered by later [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]]. One example of inflectional zero-ablaut is in the conjugation of the verb ''dōtei'' “to give”: ''dōsti'' “gives” — ''dōdinti'' “they give” (the few examples of a reduplicated stem in Carpathian). | |||
New zero-grade is widely present in verbs: | |||
*Infinitives of intensive or progressive verbs: ''b'''e'''rō'' “I pick up” — ''b'''i'''rātei'' “to pick up”; ''g'''e'''nō'' “I drive” — ''g'''u'''ntei'' “to drive”; ''p'''ei'''siō'' “I write” — ''p'''i'''sātei'' “to write”. | |||
*Detransitive verbs with the ē-suffix: ''b'''au'''dītei'' “to wake” — ''b'''u'''dētei'' “to be awake”; ''sw'''ai'''tātei'' “to dawn” — ''sw'''i'''tētei'' “to shine”. | |||
*Inchoative verbs from progressive verbs and adjectives: ''s'''au'''šas'' “dry” — ''sušnetei'' “to dry up”. Some original inchoative verbs instead have conjugational zero-ablaut: ''l'''e'''getei'' “to lie down” — ''l'''i'''ngō'' “I lie down”; ''rēstei'' “to find” — ''rindō'' “I find” (here the ''-n-''infix does not appear in the infinitive). | |||
Its use in derivation is much less common, than the qualitative ablaut: | |||
*''samdas'' “agreement” from ''d'''ē'''tei'' “to do”, where the root is reduced to a single consonant "d". | |||
==Lengthened grade== | ==Lengthened grade== | ||
===ū- and ī-grades=== | ===ū- and ī-grades=== | ||