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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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Common grammatical feautures are the usage of the genitive case for the direct object of a negative verb, instead of the accusative case (may be a common substratum influence), the use of the ending ''*-mīs'' in the instrumental plural instead of ''-bhis'', ''*-ān'' of the instrumental singular in ā-stem nouns. | Common grammatical feautures are the usage of the genitive case for the direct object of a negative verb, instead of the accusative case (may be a common substratum influence), the use of the ending ''*-mīs'' in the instrumental plural instead of ''-bhis'', ''*-ān'' of the instrumental singular in ā-stem nouns. | ||
Some examples of words shared between Carpathian and Balto-Slavic languages: “linden” — Carpathian ''léipā'', Lithuanian ''líepa'', Old Prussian ''līpa'', Common Slavic ''*lìpa''; “hand” — Carpathian '' | Some examples of words shared between Carpathian and Balto-Slavic languages: “linden” — Carpathian ''léipā'', Lithuanian ''líepa'', Old Prussian ''līpa'', Common Slavic ''*lìpa''; “hand” — Carpathian ''rañkā'', Lithuanian ''rankà'', Old Prussian ''ranka'', Common Slavic ''*rǭkà''; “head” — Carpathian ''galwā́'', Lithuanian ''galvà'', Old Prussian ''galwa'', Common Slavic ''*golvà''. | ||
Many scholars instead prefer a dialect continuum model where the late PIE northeastern dialects developed into Balto-Slavic (or even separate Baltic and Slavic), while the southwestern dialect that had migrated into the mountains developed into Carpathian. This may explain many differences between the two branches, particularly in their corresponding verbal morphology and lexicon, as well as certain archaic Carpathian features, not found in Balto-Slavic, such as consonantal reflexes of Proto-Indo-European laryngeals *h₂ and *h₃, found only in the [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] languages and Armenian (irregularly): Carpathian ''harèlis<sup>W</sup>/harìlis<sup>E</sup>'' “eagle” (from PIE ''*h₃érō''), with some words having doublets in dialects ''hwḗjas/wḗjas'' “air” (PIE''*h₂weh₁-'' “to blow”), ''meibáheti'' “is telling me” (*bʰéh₂ti “to speak”). | Many scholars instead prefer a dialect continuum model where the late PIE northeastern dialects developed into Balto-Slavic (or even separate Baltic and Slavic), while the southwestern dialect that had migrated into the mountains developed into Carpathian. This may explain many differences between the two branches, particularly in their corresponding verbal morphology and lexicon, as well as certain archaic Carpathian features, not found in Balto-Slavic, such as consonantal reflexes of Proto-Indo-European laryngeals *h₂ and *h₃, found only in the [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] languages and Armenian (irregularly): Carpathian ''harèlis<sup>W</sup>/harìlis<sup>E</sup>'' “eagle” (from PIE ''*h₃érō''), with some words having doublets in dialects ''hwḗjas/wḗjas'' “air” (PIE''*h₂weh₁-'' “to blow”), ''meibáheti'' “is telling me” (*bʰéh₂ti “to speak”). | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The sound system of Carpathian resembles the neighbouring Slavic languages: Ukrainian and Slovak. Some considerable variation exists among the Western and Eastern varieties. | The sound system of Carpathian resembles the neighbouring Slavic languages: Ukrainian and Slovak. Some considerable variation exists among the Western and Eastern varieties. | ||