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|nativename = el Ḃreatainìje<br/>et teanga Ḃreatainìje<br/>teangatna | |nativename = el Ḃreatainìje<br/>et teanga Ḃreatainìje<br/>teangatna | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Ed | |setting = [[Verse:Ed Dynje]] | ||
|name = Hiberno-Arabic | |name = Hiberno-Arabic | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Hiberno-Arabic''', natively ''el Ḃreatainìje'' [əl vʲɾʲə{{adv}}tʰˠʌˈnʲiːjə], is a heavily Hibernized variety of spoken historical Arabic native to and official in the | '''Hiberno-Arabic''', natively ''el Ḃreatainìje'' [əl vʲɾʲə{{adv}}tʰˠʌˈnʲiːjə], is a heavily Hibernized variety of spoken historical Arabic native to and official in the Dynjan island nation of el Ḃreatain. Speakers may simply call the language ''teangatna'' [ˈt̪ʰæ̃ːʔˠʌt{{den}}ˠʰn{{den}}ˠʌ] 'our language'. | ||
Irish loanwords, called ''clèm Ȝagmìje'' (from Arabic ''{{ayin}}aǧamiyyah'' 'foreign' → 'Irish'), comprise over half of Hiberno-Arabic vocabulary. Besides Irish, Hiberno-Arabic has borrowed from French. Some Irish vocabulary in Hiberno-Arabic, called ''Nua-Ȝagmìje'' 'neo-<i>Ȝagmìje</i>', are in fact coinages by Hiberno-Arabics. It is the only | Irish loanwords, called ''clèm Ȝagmìje'' (from Arabic ''{{ayin}}aǧamiyyah'' 'foreign' → 'Irish'), comprise over half of Hiberno-Arabic vocabulary. Besides Irish, Hiberno-Arabic has borrowed from French. Some Irish vocabulary in Hiberno-Arabic, called ''Nua-Ȝagmìje'' 'neo-<i>Ȝagmìje</i>', are in fact coinages by Hiberno-Arabics. It is the only Dynjan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence. Hiberno-Arabic is also mutually intelligible with many Dynjan Neo-Arabic languages. | ||
The main motivation for Hiberno-Arabic is aesthetic and grammatical similarities between Irish and Arabic, including: | The main motivation for Hiberno-Arabic is aesthetic and grammatical similarities between Irish and Arabic, including: | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
Midhir was ruled by Muslim Arabs since the 10th century. An Irish clan took control of the islands by the 11th century, and established an Irish-speaking kingdom which lasted until the 17th century when the | Midhir was ruled by Muslim Arabs since the 10th century. An Irish clan took control of the islands by the 11th century, and established an Irish-speaking kingdom which lasted until the 17th century when the Dynje English Order of ___ took over. Midhir gained independence from the Dynje English in 1940. | ||
Hiberno-Arabic immigrants moved to Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma). | Hiberno-Arabic immigrants moved to Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma). | ||
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The first surviving text in Hiberno-Arabic is dated to 1515. | The first surviving text in Hiberno-Arabic is dated to 1515. | ||
Hiberno-Arabic is an isolate within | Hiberno-Arabic is an isolate within Dynjan Arabic; it evolved from [[Hiberno-Arabic/Proto|Proto-Hiberno-Arabic]], a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features: | ||
* Hamza is lost completely. | * Hamza is lost completely. | ||
* ''qāf'' and ''ṭāʔ'' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced. | * ''qāf'' and ''ṭāʔ'' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced. | ||
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* C(+emph)C(-emph)C(+emph) root > C(+emph)C(+emph)C(+emph) root | * C(+emph)C(-emph)C(+emph) root > C(+emph)C(+emph)C(+emph) root | ||
One Englishism: ''mā́nduhš Gújjə xuG'' = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Hiberno-Arabicism in | One Englishism: ''mā́nduhš Gújjə xuG'' = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Hiberno-Arabicism in Dynje English which shows up in Pacific English and a few British dialects but not in Quelftonian English) | ||
== Place names == | == Place names == | ||
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* Word-final geminates surface as compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Irish and Hebrew diachronics). | * Word-final geminates surface as compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Irish and Hebrew diachronics). | ||
* Emphatic consonants have the feature +RTR (retracted tongue root). Emphatic unaspirated stops tend to be less voiced than their nonemphatic counterparts; /ɢ̟/ is particularly prone to devoicing. | * Emphatic consonants have the feature +RTR (retracted tongue root). Emphatic unaspirated stops tend to be less voiced than their nonemphatic counterparts; /ɢ̟/ is particularly prone to devoicing. | ||
* Preuvular consonants are halfway between velar and uvular for most speakers but are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common for older speakers. /q/ in contemporary urban Hiberno-Arabic is turning into [ʔʶ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic ''q''), even affecting Irish loans: ''teanga'' 'language' and ''guid{{cda}}e'' 'prayer' are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰænʶʔʶʌ] and [ˈʔʶʊ{{ret}}jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of ed | * Preuvular consonants are halfway between velar and uvular for most speakers but are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common for older speakers. /q/ in contemporary urban Hiberno-Arabic is turning into [ʔʶ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic ''q''), even affecting Irish loans: ''teanga'' 'language' and ''guid{{cda}}e'' 'prayer' are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰænʶʔʶʌ] and [ˈʔʶʊ{{ret}}jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of ed Dynje's Arab world bringing the glottal stop reflex of Arabic ''q''. | ||
* /r/ is a lamino-alveolar or dental trill or flap. When palatalized, it is often pronounced as Czech ''ř'' or as [ʒ]. | * /r/ is a lamino-alveolar or dental trill or flap. When palatalized, it is often pronounced as Czech ''ř'' or as [ʒ]. | ||
* /rʶ/ may be realized as [ɾʶ] or [ɹʷʶ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r. | * /rʶ/ may be realized as [ɾʶ] or [ɹʷʶ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r. | ||
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== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
=== Latin === | === Latin === | ||
In Midhir, Hiberno-Arabic uses a Roman orthography which adopted changes to more faithfully reflect Arabic in the spelling of native vocabulary. Like many orthographies used in ed | In Midhir, Hiberno-Arabic uses a Roman orthography which adopted changes to more faithfully reflect Arabic in the spelling of native vocabulary. Like many orthographies used in ed Dynje, Hiberno-Arabic orthography is based on the principles of etymological spelling and enabling many-to-one reading, with the latter taking precedence. In Gaelic type for Hiberno-Arabic, the underline diacritic is rendered as slightly slanted horizontal strokes under the letter. | ||
Hiberno-Arabics handwrite lowercase i and j without dots. | Hiberno-Arabics handwrite lowercase i and j without dots. |
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