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² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.
² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.


³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.
³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled. Such doubling is maintained in a word's stem even when it occurs word-finally.


⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).
⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).
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|-->
|-->
This palatalization is also known as "obstruent palatalization".
This palatalization is also known as "obstruent palatalization".
In this article, obstruent palatalization is represented as {j-o}


====Second palatalization====
====Second palatalization====
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By default, "palatalization" refers to the second palatalization unless specified otherwise.
By default, "palatalization" refers to the second palatalization unless specified otherwise.


In this article, palatalization is represented as [j].
In this article, palatalization is represented as {j}.
 
====U-umlaut====
====U-umlaut====
*a > o
*a > o
*ă, â > u
*ă, â > u
 
Represented as {u}.
====I-umlaut====
====I-umlaut====
*a > e
*a > e
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*Otherwise: o > e
*Otherwise: o > e
*u > i
*u > i
Represented as {i}.
====Disappearing ''-g-''====
Some verbs have a stem-final ''-g-'' that appears in certain morphological environments and disappears in others.


====Disappearing ''-g-''====
The environments where ''-g-'' appears are:
*Some verbs have a stem-final ''-g-'' that appears in certain morphological environments and disappears in others.
*Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense.
*The environments where ''-g-'' appears are:
*Preterite-present verbs: In the <!--infinitive, -->present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense.
**Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense.
 
**Preterite-present verbs: In the infinitive, present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense.
In this article, disappearing ''-g-'' is represented as {g}.


====Disappearing ''-j-, -v-,'' and palatalization====
====Disappearing ''-j-, -v-,'' and palatalization====
*Some consonant-final verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final ''-j-'' or ''-v-'' or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.
Some consonant-final verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final ''-j-'' or ''-v-'' or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.


====Dental past suffix====
====Dental past suffix====
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! rowspan="2"| Singular
! rowspan="2"| Singular
! nom./acc.
! nom./acc.
| þeš
| þess
| þešă
| þessă
| þet
| þet
|-
|-
! gen./dat.
! gen./dat.
| þeš
| þess
| þeši
| þešši
| þešu
| þessu
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
! nom./acc.
| þešir
| þeššir
| þešăr
| þessăr
| þeš
| þess
|-
|-
! gen./dat.
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| þešum
| colspan="3"| þessum
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| -s²
| -s²
| -(ř)i³
| -(ř)i³
| [u]-u
| {u}-u
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
! nom./acc.
| -ir⁴
| -ir
| -ăr
| -ăr
| [u]-
| {u}-
|-
|-
! gen./dat.
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| [u]-(u)m⁵
| colspan="3"| {u}-(u)m⁴
|-
|-
|}
|}
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³ ''-ř-'' is dropped after the consonants ''-r-, -s-, -n-,'' and ''-l-'', which are then palatalized in its stead.
³ ''-ř-'' is dropped after the consonants ''-r-, -s-, -n-,'' and ''-l-'', which are then palatalized in its stead.


⁴ ''-ir'' causes palatalization of the previous consonant (if applicable).
⁴ ''-u-'' is dropped after a vowel.
 
⁵ ''-u-'' is dropped after a vowel.
 
⁶ As mentioned previously in this article, some adjectives have a final palatalization, ''-j-'' or ''-v-'' that appears before endings beginning in a vowel but is dropped otherwise.


{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
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* Superlative: ''mest'' "most" + adjective
* Superlative: ''mest'' "most" + adjective
* Some adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
* Some adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
===Numbers===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Numbers
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| nul; zero
| nuldă
|-
! 1
| en, enă, et (en)
| first
|-
! 2
| tvir, tver, tvau (tvo)
| tvoðă
|-
! 3
| þřir, þřor, þřu (þři)
| þřiză
|-
! 4
| fjořir, fjorăr, fjor (fjor)
| fjorðă
|-
! 5
| fim
| fimtă
|-
! 6
| ses
| setă
|-
! 7
| šau
| šundă
|-
! 8
| otă
| otândă
|-
! 9
| niu
| nindă
|-
! 10
| ciu
| cindă
|-
! 11
| enpociu
| enpocindă
|-
! 12
| tvopociu
| tvopocindă
|-
! 13
| þřipociu
| þřipocindă
|-
! 14
| fjorpociu
| fjorpocindă
|-
! 15
| fimpociu
| fimpocindă
|-
! 20
| tvociu
| tvocindă
|-
! 21
| tvociu ok en
| tvocindă ok first
|-
! 30
| þřiciu
| þřicindă
|-
! 40
| fjorciu
| fjorcindă
|-
! 50
| fimciu
| fimcindă
|-
! 100
| hundrăð
| hundrădă
|-
! 101
| hundrăð ok en
| hundrădă ok first
|-
! 200
| tvau hundruð
| tvau hundrădă
|-
! 1000
| þusund
| þusundă
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ All ordinal numbers are weak adjectives, except ''first'' which can be strong or weak.
² ''En'' (1) is declined as a strong adjective. ''Tvir'' (2) is declined as the plural third person pronoun (''þir''). ''Fjořir'' (4) is declined as a plural strong adjective. ''Þřir'' (3) is declined irregularly. These numbers (1-4) also have indeclinable variants.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''en'' "one"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Singular
! nom./acc.
| en
| enă
| et
|-
! gen./dat.
| ens
| eňi
| ens
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| eňir
| enăr
| en
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| enum
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| en
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''tvir'' "two"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| tvir
| tver
| tvau
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| tvem
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| tvo
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''þřir'' "three"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| þřir
| þřor
| þřu
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| þřim
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| þři
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''fjořir'' "four"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| fjořir
| fjorăr
| fjor
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| fjorum
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| fjor
|}
''Hundrăð'' (100) and ''þusund'' (1000) are declined as neuter nouns. All other numbers are indeclinable.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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**Note: The ''-r'' of the feminine plural/genitive-dative is not pronounced before the definite article. For example, ''džavărnăr'' "the gifts (nom./acc.)" is pronounced as if it were written ''*džavănăr''.
**Note: The ''-r'' of the feminine plural/genitive-dative is not pronounced before the definite article. For example, ''džavărnăr'' "the gifts (nom./acc.)" is pronounced as if it were written ''*džavănăr''.
*The final consonant of the noun is palatalized before undropped ''-i-'' of the definite article whenever possible.
*The final consonant of the noun is palatalized before undropped ''-i-'' of the definite article whenever possible.
===Verbs===
====Verb stems====
A verb can have up to 5 stems:
*'''Primary present stem (represented as <Pr>)'''
**Used in the plural present tense and the imperative.
*'''Secondary present stem (represented as <Pr`>)'''
**Used in the present participle and singular present tense.
**Either identical to the primary present stem, or derived from it via i-umlaut.
*'''Primary past stem (represented as <Pa>)'''
**Used in the plural past tense.
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is formed from the primary present stem with the ending ''-ð-'' (or one of its allomorphs).
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut. Some strong verbs additionally add the ending ''-r-'' followed by weak verb endings.
*'''Secondary past stem (represented as <Pa`>)'''
**Used in the singular past tense.
**Identical to the primary past stem for the majority of verbs.
*'''Past participle stem (represented as <PP>)'''
**Used in the past participle.
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is identical to the past stem.
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut along with the ending ''-in-''.
====Verb classes====
Verbs fall into 3 main categories:
# Strong verbs
# Weak verbs
# Preterite-present verbs
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut variations between the present, past, and past participle stems.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong verb declension
! colspan="7" | Non-finite forms
|-
! colspan="3"| Form
! colspan="2"| Active
! colspan="2"| Middle
|-
<!--
! colspan="3" | Infinitive
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă)
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă)sk
|-
-->
! colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndă
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndziskă
|-
! colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)n
| colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)nsk
|-
! colspan="7"| Finite forms
|-
! rowspan="2"| Person/<br /> Number
! colspan="2"| Present
! colspan="2"| Past
! colspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Active
! Middle
! Active
! Middle
! Active
! Middle
|-
! 1S
| <Pr`>-
| rowspan="3"| <Pr`>-sk
| <Pa`>-
| rowspan="3"| <Pa`>-sk
|-
! 2S
| rowspan="2"|<Pr`>-r
| <Pa`>-t
| <Pr>-
| <Pr>-sk
|-
! 3S
| <Pa`>-
|-
! 1P
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk
| <Pa>{u}-(u)m
| <Pa>{u}-(u)msk
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk
|-
! 2P
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk
| <Pa>{u}-(u)ð
| <Pa>{u}-(u)sk
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk
|-
! 3P
| <Pr>-(ă)
| <Pr>-(ă)sk
| <Pa>{u}-u
| <Pa>{u}-usk
|-
|}
'''Notes:''' Vowels in brackets are dropped after stems ending in vowels.
====Weak verbs====
====Preterite-present verbs====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Shariifka
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