Aydın Baykara

|Present simple ||||   "I eat"|||| A den.e

|Present progressive || || "I am eating" |||| A den.i

|Present perfect || || "I have eaten"|||| A den.ö  

|Present perfect progressive || || "I have been eating"||||  A den.ü

|I have been eating last year often outside.|||| (This year I eat at home)||||  A den.ü oyüx camya us em.

|Past simple |||| "I ate" (once) (often)|||| A den.o  (üs) (us)

|I used to eat|||| (I ate habitually)  ||||   A buso deneş/ A den.o (sihir)

|Past progressive |||| "I was eating" (for a while)  (sweets)|||| A den.u (öt) (densö)

|Past perfect|||| "I had eaten" (already) (as you have arrived)|||| A den.ö (oy) (he o yaro)

|Past perfect progressive|||| "I had been eating"|||| A den.ü

|I had been eating always outdoor,|||| (after 2018 I have cooked at home)||||  A den.ü (as) em, (şa 2018 a don.u ….)

|Simple future: "I will eat"|||| A den.a

|Future progressive: "I will be eating" tomorrow at time of your arrival.|||| A s.den.i ot …

|Future perfect: "I will have eaten" tomorrow at time of your arrival.|||| A s.den.ö ot...

|Future perfect progressive:  "I will have been eating"|||| A s.den.ü ot...

|Simple (conditional) subjunctive: "I would eat" (if...)|||| A dene.k

|Future conditional progressive: "I would be eating"|||| A s.deni.k

|Future conditional perfect: "I would have eaten"|||| A s.denö.k

|Future conditional perfect progressive: "I would have been eating"|||| A s.denü.k (ot…)

Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred.

This case will be expressed in depended phrases, (as in subordinate clauses such as conditional “if” or as conjunctions (mainly “du”=”that” in English)) as real tenses of ABCL without the usage of any suffix, subjunctive modal and modification of the verb stem but with suitable adverbs, and special particles. Subjunctively in the head phrase will be indicated by the suffix “_k”.

|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| e a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   

|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||         jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?

|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||            fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  

|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||        nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx

|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …

|My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple|| az salma fuso du  a gdeno.ç şer pa

|I drunk so much, that my head would have almost  exploded.||  a didö fo oşu du  az sinha çozo.ç ah

|I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|| a gsabo.ç dareş

|You should have attended the meeting yesterday  ||    o gfato.ç pösma et

|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …

|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …

|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa

|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||  a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü

!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''

|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well

|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go

|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted

|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado)  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)

|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself

|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)

|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)

|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana                        ||                        

|   ---Present subjunctive    ||     _k  --|| tisek - would sing

|---Future subjunctive (prefix)    ||     s_ (verb#)_k  --|| stisük -would have been singing

|    ---Past/irrealis (counterfactual || _ç|| tisoç/tisüç - would have sung

|    ---Future/irrealis (prefix) ||s_ (verb#)_ç|| stisaç - would have been sung

|'''Negation'''|| _x|| vapenx - (is) not painted

|-

“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”

Passive suffix is “_n”. Passive form will be in case of ergatives (from intransitive to transitive conveyed verb) Verb.t.n (for the example in the table above, passive will be “dol#.t.n”, e.g. … dolotn (… has been boiled by …), where between the cluster “tn” a weak “i or ı-sound” may be implemented in speech. )

ABCL uses for hypothetical, but possible subjunctive cases the suffix “_k”; for the past counterfactual subjunctives (irrealis) the suffix “_ç” and “_s” as prefix aspect-modal for the future cases. (see under “aspects” above) Other types of subjunctives will be marked by suitable particles.  

Negation suffix “_x” will be placed as a rule at the end of the conjugated verb and after the modal suffixes if any. In some cases, it could come to sequencing of two suffixes in a row such as “vapo.p.n.x” (the house was not get painted by…). In such cases also between “_x” and the suffix before a soundless “ı” or “i” or the last vowel can be put for vowel harmony.

'''Level 2 moods'''

|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi|| _v|||| bol.#v|||| ||bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …

|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an")|| _s|||| sen.e.s||||||(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  

|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||| _z|||||||||| şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat

|Plural-Bunyu      |||||| ||||      _i|||||||||| hanho.i|||||||||| _s -      (houses)

Infinitive/imperative form of the verbs "sen” (to be well) and "sin” (to keep in touch) have been defined as “short” greeting nouns, "sen" meaning "hallo" (“full” “sen.eş”: (I wish you) be well) to be used when people meet/phone and "sin" meaning "good by” (“full” “sin.ey”: (let us) to see you again-to keep in touch) when separate. No further greeting and courtesy words are defined. User can himself introduce such words as “good day, good luck” if he wishes by directly translating them from English or their native languages. The addressing forms such as “mr., mrs., sir, madam, etc.” have no place in ABCL.

|sen(eş)***||hallo||Literally: be well !

|sin(en)***||see you (good by)||wish to keep in touch  

|sat o||thank you

|enex||welcome (unrequired)|| unnecessary

|sip(eş)***||please

|o tü?||how are you?

|(a) ani||I’m fine

|şe.bis*||best wishes||

|(a) mos|I’m sorry

|oha.cam**||Happy New Year

|aho.cam||merry/holy “Holy Day”

|ego.ban(lu)||good luck

|ego.tan(he)||good health

.* Being "bis" is root verb for "wish" and "oşe" is adjective "most", the full wish phrase would be: “A bis.e o oşe bantı.” meaning “I wish you the best things”. For greeting they will be merged to one word "oşebis", better “şebis”: This will be used as overall wishes for almost all situations like good luck, success, health, journey etc. (although I defined for good luck and health separate phrases for Level 2)

** Although New Year means "camne", only first syllable "cam" indicating the class "time" is taken and suffixed to "oha=happy" building one word for the sake of shortness and simplicity. The same apples also to the following phrases.

===Subordinate/dependent-Relative Clauses in ABCL===

Subordinating and relative clauses in ABCL are designed similar to English. Linking particles/conjunctions such as conditional “fe” (=English “if”), subordinating conjunctions “du (so that), and relative pronouns “do” (what, which, who), relative adverbs (where, when, how), who and “du” (that) will be used generally as in English. Relatives can/will be combined to one “do” if it is acting like a subordinate conjunction. If the pronoun introduces describing information about a noun then “what, which and who” will be used accordingly.

Nondefinite clauses are also possible. Infinitive, participle clauses have the form as in English with some adjustments in to ABCL. (“to reach him was difficult= ger.eş u  babo eyix; the man covered with paint is decorating …= solma kokon ne hönbö tedi …)

English gerund is expressed in ABCL as three differing sense: 1. In resent continuous tens as suffix “_i” after verbs (she is smiling= u şim.i) 2. In relative clauses as suffix “_iş”(“the boy smiling always = solbo şim.iş as”; while speaking with me, he was happy= ha çeşiş ne a, u oha) 3. As deverbal noun with a special suffix which is gained by reversing the last two letters of the verb (She was surprised at losing the race= u nöson ma pollo … ) This construction will be utilized also for similar deverbal noun derivations (from “puf=forbid”, derivation “puffu=ban, prohibition, forbidden”)

In strict meaning, the participle does not exist in ABCL (there are no auxiliary verbs form of the verbs “to be” and “have”).  

ABCL lexicon has been set up as Excel matrixes separated for nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctives-prepositions and pronouns for ABCL-English. Easiest way is to use the search function of the Excel table in both directions. The matrixes could be also used to include a third language (e.g. native language) by the right-click "explanation button". The access to the Table is possible through the URL page of Aybay (https://aydinbaykara.com) for the interested conlangers.  I work on a “classical” lexicon listed as per alphabet order in line with my translation effort of my roman in ABCL (for time being it reached about 500 words).

==CONNOTATION/EVOCATION-HINTS FOR MEMORIZING/DISREMEMBERING in ABCL/An unique feature ==

Vocabulary of ABCL has been created with the aim of easy memorizing. Firstly, it was grouping of words in logical classes as explained above for grammatical word categories. As I have tried to learn the language for speech, I have discovered that the foreseen classification would be helpful only after a large amount of the words (may be two-three thousand) have been memorized. Therefore, I have modified the system. The idea was to establish such links between English and ABCL words so that (e. g while translation from English) an English equivalent of ABCL word should include something to evoke to ABCL word. The outcome was so (Examples):

'''Nouns:''' Consonant out of first two (better both) letter of English noun will be fourth (fifth) letters of ABCL word. Examples: settlement-sölse; news- timne; car-vitca; father-salfa; mother-salma. Verbs with prefix “ex-“ get the “_z” as third letter (explain=çez) or such with a vowel as initial letter will have “y” as last letter (ask=çay)

'''Verbs:''' First one (better two) letter of English verb constitutes adverted the last letter(s) of ABCL verb. Exemptions have been made however for verb groups having same category wit nouns, i.e. if the verb-group with the consonants “mVs” associated with “faith-mus”-subtitle of the noun-category “m-s: psyche/faith”, the corresponding verb “mus-faith” will deviate from the said rule. In this case all nouns related to “faith” will have as first syllabise “musCV”, like “musfa=faith, musro=prophet, muspa= paradise)

Examples: reg-get on; pid-disturb/discomfort; ses-see; seh-hear; lap-approach (also such, non-adverted possible)

'''Verb to Noun:''' han-hanka (built-building); bun-bunde (educate-education).  

Similar approach has been utilized also for adverbs, conjunctives and pronouns even limited.  

This approach turned out to be quite useful after I have succeeded over 500 words to memorize already.

Here is a paragraph from “The Old Man and the Sea” translated in ABCL. (The particle in parenthesis indicates that it can be omitted for the first level. As seen, in English almost 60 percent more letters are required for the same expression.   

“I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were '''[A b.bar.e (ite) o kuf.u a mü lu vitbö te (bab.o) odux koç.ono tümle.i]''' and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him '''[sa (du) a mef.i oşa vitbo şiv.e sa vanzı (yo) o pub.iş u]''' like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” '''[ge dov.vo şirye omur sa eşe sanla miş.şi oşi ak a.]'''

“ A     bar.e”,       solmo    ças.o.    “A bon.e  o       lel.ox        a        be        o    bud.o.”

“It    was     papa (who)  made me leave. I am a boy   and   I must obey him.”  

“U   bab.o   salfa    (to)         lel.o.p  a.             A    solbo  sa    a    çfob.e     u.”

“I know,” the old man said.   “It is quite normal.”  

“A bon.e”    solmo      ças.o“   U    ul        eno (bannu.do).”

“U  bah.e.x  oşu banfa.”

“Ya,”   solmo    ças.o.     “Su  e  bah.e.   J.e bah.e.x?  

“Ay”,   solbo ças.o. “J.a b.füt.e    o    denbe  (mo)   hante      sa  ar    e      kat.a    çonşu  pasha.”

“Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”  

“Otux?”           solmo    ças.o.   “ Le          şenfi.na.i”

They sat on the Terrace and   many of the fishermen                                   made     fun                         of the old man and he was not angry.  

Ü    yis.o  (mo) hante    sa    şenfi.na.i.z   oşu.ma  (oşuma yo şenfi.na.i)       bam.o (tom.o) tomya   yo  solmo            sa    u  bab.o.x ayö.          

Others of the older fishermen,  looked at him and were  sad.  

İpui      yo    aş ayo.x  şenfi.ba.i,    bul.o       u    sa  bab.o asa.

But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths     they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of what they had seen.  

Su    ü       koş.o.x       u    sa    ü  çeş.o  apo.r        ga        vencü        sa      edo.ma.i  te  ü       yud.o  üz   tümlei    sa          obe                          ego    venve    sa   yo  ta      ü      ses.o.              

The successful fishermen of that day                     were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them  laid       full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice lorry/truck to carry  them to the market in Havana.  

Camda.z suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.ba.i (yo osu camda)    bab.o  oy    mü  sa        dub.o         üz  şenma  em  sa kac.o     ü        yel.o.n   efu vutma  ko    çi    hönpi,    ne  çi solma    yüş.iş        ma  çenfi  yo  öşö  hönpi,  lu  şenfi hanho      te        ü      rav.o    şo      vönvi vitlo            kacoş      ü        (lu)       hinmi    in Havana.                               

Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side   of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins   cut off   and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh     cut        into       strips   for     salting.  

İsü    to        kek.o     şenrii,       kat.o        ü      (lu  şenri  hinfa      mu        opu  vunsi    yo      vinko   te    ü      koh.o.n      mu    koh.ana,                   üz  senlii   lomo.n, üz  sünfii  kuc.o.n öl  sa  üz       sansii      diş.o.n        sa    üz    sunfe  kuc.o.n (mü)(lu) çanşıi    şo  denso.k.ko.                                                                                                                                                       

When the wind was in the east       a smell    came  across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today         there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny           on the Terrace.  

Tu        venvi    bab.o mü  vundo        miş.şi    yom.o      ko          hunpo                lü          şenşa hinfa;       su   at                  efü vusyu yo miş.şi bebo      öf                            be            venvi        sub.o     mü lu  vunno    sa   ar      şod.o  öl      sa    u bab.o   apü    sa  vessu.do(lo) (mo) hante.

“Santiago,”   solbo ças.o.

“Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago.

“Ay”      solmo    ças.o.     U        loh.u      uz  dinga  sa  bit.ü    (yo)   oşü camya  ey.

“Can I go     out     to   get  sardines for you for tomorrow?”  

Ja    byog.a em    reg.eş    şensa.i    şo  u    şo  ot/camto?

“No. Go    and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.”  

“Ya. Yog.eş sa  teb.eş tambu. A b.tor.e es  sa  Rogelio      kuf.a        tümfö.”

“I would like to go. If   I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way.”  

A    s.bal.ek yog.eş. Fe  a b.tüm.a.x  ne    o,   a    s.bal.ek      feseş  mü öşo  hünve.

“You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You  are  already a man”

“O      hub.o    a    denbe”,   solmo    ças.o.   “O bab.e      oy    solma.”

“How old         was I     when you first took me in a boat?”            

“Üta cam(ge)  a bab.o    tu      o  kat.o oyür  a  mü  vitbo?”

“Five and you (almost)nearly were killed when I brought the fish in to green and he nearly tore the  boat             to pieces.   Can you remember?”  

“Li      sa      o        ah                  piy.o.n.ç       tu      a  lib.o      şenfi    mü lu  öfö    sa    u      al      get.o    vitbo              lu çinpi.i.       J.o         b.bar.e?     

“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.  

“A      b.bar.e        sünta    paş.iş      sa  çab.iş    sa            lot.aya    keb.iş      sa    vanno    yo  pub.bu.

I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow where   the wet coiled   lines were and     feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell     all over me.”

A     b.bar.e (du)   o   kuf.u                    a    mü lu vitbö  te  (bab.o) odux kaç.ono tümle.i     sa (du)   a mef.i            öşa vitbo     şiv.e      sa    vanno (yo)  o  pub.iş    u        ge    doç.ço      şirte omur    sa          eşe  sanla miş.şi    oşi ka  a.  

“Can you really remember that or did I just tell     it to you?”  

“Jo            bbar.e    ül          osu   so    ja    çet.o aju  u  (lu) o?”

“I remember everything from when       we first  went  together.”  

“A    bar.e          işüba        lü      tu        e  yog.o oyür    oç.”

The old man looked at him with his         sun-burned,       confident loving    eyes.

Solmo          bul.o        u    ne    uz      vessu-kab.ono,       oko  bol.iko  sinye.i  

“If you were       my boy(son)    I’d take     you out and gamble,” he said. But you are    your father’s and your mother’s and you are     in    a lucky       boat.”  

“Fe o bab.e.k  az  solbo(salsa) a  skat.ek    o  em    sa    stag.ek”  u  ças.o. “Su o (bab.e) oz salfa.z    sa    oz    salma.z     sa    o bab.e  mü  benlu.do vitbo.”

“May I get the sardines?   I know  where I can get  four baits too.”  

“Ja    d.reg.e  şensa.i?       A  bon.e   te    a b.reg.e  ki  tümba af”

“I have mine left from today.   I    put   them in   salt      in the box.”  

“A    lel.o iza   lü camda.       A  kup.o    ü   mü denso mü dönbö.”

“Let me get four fresh ones.”   

En      a reg.e   ki    efi  çinti.  

“One,” the old man said. His hope and  his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises.  

“Bi”,       solmo  ças.o.   Uz  bonho  sa  uz  masko        yog.ox    is.       Su      it    ü          ofe.l.ü                tu            venbe          çir.e.      

“Çi”,     solbo    ças.o .

“Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”  

“Çi”,         solmo        soy.o.     “O    höş.ox        ü?

“I would,” the boy said.     “But I bought these.”  

“A  s.bab.o.k” solbo ças.o. Su a hub.o   ise”

“Thank you,” the old man said. He was  too  plain/simple to wonder when  he  had attained humility.

“Sat o”,             solmo ças.o.     U  bab.o  oh      epi              bov.eş        tu      u       lut.o          buh.ada (buh.hu).

But he  knew         he had attained it and he knew           it  was not disgraceful                     and it   carried   no   loss   of   true pride.  

Su    u  bon.o  du u      lut.o          u    sa  u  bon.o   du  u  bab.o.x   pösdi.do (pösgö.do.x)  sa  u  kac.o.x  ya  los.so yo  etu menpi.

“Tomorrow is going to be a good day   with this   current,”           he said.  

“Camto            bab.a            ego camda    ne  osa  vencü(vof.fo)” u ças.o.

“Where are you going?” the boy asked.  

“Ote        o      yog.i ?     solbo    çay.o.

“Far/distant    out   to come in  when the wind    shifts.     I want   to   be   out  before  it is light.”  

“Edi                  em    yom.eş    mü  tu      venvi      riş.e.m.  A bav.e bab.eş  em      de  u  vüsli.”    

“I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you     hook   truly  big something we can come to your aid.”  

“A lıt.a  regeş  u    haveş    edi em”,   solbo ças.o.   “Ar  fe  o    tümhö.k.a  etur  ebi şobse,         e    b.yom.e   lu    oz  pisye ”

“U        balex          haveş    oh  edi em.”

“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him  to come  out  after (from behind of) dolphin.”  

“Ya”,   solbo  ças.o. “Su  a  ses.a      şobse      du    u    b.ses.e.x          çe      şönbi  hav.iş    sa  reg.a  u    yomeş  em    (şa) şendöz lü mo.”

“Are his eyes   that  bad?”  

“J. uz  sinye.i  (osu) ça    ego.x?

Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeşx  

Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass: Çö venre kon.e emi.x na vonga

Like an unwanted stranger: Ge bav.ono.x  solfo

There is no danger: Binde beb.ex

I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut

Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeş.x

Though thunder explodes and lightning flash: Çö ventö çoz.e sa venli vaf.e

Illuminates: Vay.e

Your tear-stained face: Oz sanfü-laş.ono sinfa

I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut