Aydın Baykara

|I suggested that Paul should eat an apple|| a fus.o du  Paul cdeno.k şer pa

|I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|| a c.sabo.k dareş  

'''ABCL considers two main irrealis''':

 

 

Irrealis are expressed in various world languages by modal verbs in past tense (as would, should, might), by modification of verb stem, by adjectives, by conjunctives (if, that), by suitable verbs in subordinate clauses, by special particles and by suffixes to the verbs or by combinations of that.

 

 

 

Item 2 clauses are all irreal subjunctive events mostly with conditional (if-clauses) and other dependent sub clauses.  Unreality in this sense is possible in past only. Also hypothetical future events which cannot be realized because dependent conditions of other events in the past are not fulfilled, are included here.   

 

There are also irrealis clauses with “hidden/not outspoken” dependencies. This item includes further unreal desires and wishes (I wish/ if only) and necessity/must cases (should) as well.

Item 2 events in ABCL will have “the contrafactual suffix –ç” added to the conjugated verb, indicating that all clauses with this verb suffix are irrealis past subconjuntive.

|'''''If-clauses''':''

|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||||         if a bat.o (bab.o abü) a tak.o.ç  

|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||||         jo fah.o.ç  a if a çat.o o?

|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||||                   if a dak.o (bab.o zex) a dek.e.ç  

|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||||           oşx oz fah.ı a brem.ö.ç.x

|If you would be my son...|||| if o bab.o.ç az salsa …  

|My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple|||| az salya fuy.o am a (c)dek.e.ç şerbe

|I drunk so much, that my head would have almost  exploded.||||  a deb.ö oşö am az senbe çik.ö.ç uyu

|I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|||| a büb.ö.ç bdar.ı

|You should have attended the meeting yesterday  ||||    o çfup.o.ç püspe üçi

|Only if I could have slept |||| ah if a bdar.o.ç …

|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|||| ah (a mih.e) a man.o.ç hunbe öyü am a yol.ox

|I should have learned German |||| ah a dep.ö.ç Deutsch.sa

|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||||  a raf.a.ç egi venşe oye.sin if venne ven.öx sa cemkü

ABCL considers the subjunctive in subordinate clauses as not essential for the expression of intent of the speaker and omit it accordingly. For example:  Instead of the subjunctives "I suggest that you be careful", we can say "I suggest that you are careful" without losing the sense intended. “Suggest” implies that the case is “irrealis” even though from the grammatical point of view it is “real”.

Also in case of inferential (indirect reported), not witnessed, doubted and not confirmed irrealis, such as “He said he was a physician” (German: Er sagte, er sei Arzt), the speaker can express his intention by telling it directly, i.e. he can say “He said he was a physician, but I cannot confirm it”. An adverbial auxiliary such as “allegedly or supposedly” would express the same circumstance. Also past subjunctive “He said he had no time” (German: Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit) can be expressed the same way.  

Irrealis clauses with the past subjunctive can be replaced also with suitable adverbs such as “He has apparently been there” (er sei da gewesen ) and for the future as “He will assumably be there” (German: er werde da sein) 

Turkish has a separate tense for inferentials: “O git.ti” translates “o git.miş”. If it were necessary, English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate this Turkish inferential sentence. Even though it is very convenient to build the subjunctive by simply adding the suffix “–miş” to the verb root “git”, it must be learned by some effort. Instead of it I preferred also in such cases using direct real clauses with suitable phrases to cover the intent of the speaker. Here we would say: “I was told that he has gone” or better “He has allegedly gone.” Even though I defined the suffix “_m” for this case for Level 2.  (a bdur.o.m cemtü = I was able to fall asleep at midnight apparently (or as I was told next morning)=uyuyabil.miş.im

 

Past subjunctive is also used to form the conditional tense (as Konjunktiv II in German with modal “würde”).  “I would not help him if I were you” can be transferred as “I do not help him if I am you” Here even though both phrases are real, with the meaning of the “conditional if…” it is implied that it is not real because in reality “I cannot be you”.

In French present and past subjunctives used mostly with verbs or adverbs. It is preceded by the conjunction que (that). In case of jussive: Il faut qu’il comprenne cela ("It is necessary that he understand that"), the “necessity” implies “the order” so that there is no need for the further subjunctive moods of the verbs. This idea has been also implemented in ABCL as already stated.

'''Some examples of the means for transferring the English subjunctives in to other languages and ABCL by modifications:'''

== DECLINATION, FLEXION, MODALS/MOODS/MODUS ==

There are no gender, number and casus declination/flexion at all. Where necessary, gender may be identified by a corresponding noun/adjective. The casus will not be needed, also not all locative prepositions since the unambiguous verb itself normally implies the cases and the object is defined clearly by its position in the sentence. Only in case of complexity the preposition may be needed.

d- may