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| The language is demonstrared using two modern Indo-European languages (German and Russian) and two ancient ones (Latin and Greek). | | The language is demonstrared using two modern Indo-European languages (German and Russian) and two ancient ones (Latin and Greek). |
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| Aryan has only zero-grade (∅) and full grade (_)
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| *(_)-as [forms active animate nouns] EX: kʰúh<sub>2</sub>as "sound" = PIE *(é)-os in *ḱlewos
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| *(∅)-ás [forms active animate adjectives] EX: *pdás "capable to step" = PIE *(e)-ós in *pṓds
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| *(á)-as [forms passive animate nouns] EX: ... = PIE *(ó)-os in ...
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| *(a)-ás [forms passive animate adjectives] EX: = PIE *(o)-ós, *the construction became agentive instead of passive in PIE, but some archaic forms remain, such as *gʰoysós "spear"
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| *(_)-ar [forms active inanimate nouns] EX: *húdar "water" = PIE *-r̥ in *wódr̥
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| *(∅)-ár [forms active inanimate adjectives]
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| *(á)-ar [forms passive inanimate nouns]
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| *(a)-ár [forms passive inanimate adjectives]
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| mas
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| *(_)-tár [forms agent nouns]
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| *(_)-tram [forms instrument nouns] *fusion of *(_)-tár [agent particle] and *-am [neuter particle]
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| *(∅)-C-ás [forms derived nouns through mobile roots] EX: *pʰtʰūymás PIE = PIE *(∅)-mós
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| mobile roots: | | mobile roots: |
| -*r "quality" | | -*r "quality" |