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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the table below, followed by its romanisation in brackets. | |||
pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the table below, followed by its | |||
romanisation in brackets. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+Antarctican consonants | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2"|Bilabial | |||
! colspan="2"|Alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2"|Palatal | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Velar | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Uvular | |||
! rowspan="2"|Glottal | |||
|- | |||
!<small>plain</small> | |||
< | !<small>palatalised</small> | ||
< | !<small>central</small> | ||
< | !<small>lateral</small> | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Nasals | |||
< | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |||
|'''my '''/mʲ/ | |||
|'''n''' /n/ | |||
< | | | ||
|'''ny '''/ɲ/ | |||
|'''ng '''/ŋ/ | |||
|'''n''' [ɴ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>pre-stopped</small> | |||
|'''pm''' /pm/ | |||
|'''pmy '''/pmʲ/ | |||
|'''tn '''/tn/ | |||
| | |||
|'''cn '''/cɲ/ | |||
|'''kn '''/kŋ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricate | |||
!<small>ejective</small> | |||
|'''pp '''/pʼ/ | |||
|'''ppy '''/pʼʲ/ | |||
|'''tt '''/tʼ/ | |||
|'''ttl '''/t͡ɬʼ ~ tʼˡ/ | |||
|'''cch '''/t͡ɕʼ ~ cʼ/ | |||
|'''kk '''/kʼ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
|'''p '''/p/ | |||
|'''py '''/pʲ/ | |||
|'''t''' /t/ | |||
|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ ~ tˡ/ | |||
|'''ch '''/t͡ɕ ~ c/ | |||
|'''k''' /k/ | |||
| | |||
|'''q''' /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
|'''b '''/b/ | |||
|'''by '''/bʲ/ | |||
|'''d''' /d/ | |||
|'''dl '''/d͡ɮ ~ dˡ/ | |||
|'''j''' /d͡ʑ ~ ɟ/ | |||
|g /ɡ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"|Fricatives/Affricates | |||
!<small>ejective</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''tts '''/t͡sʼ ~ sʼ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
|'''f''' /f/ | |||
|'''fy '''/fʲ/ | |||
|'''s''' /t͡s ~ s/ | |||
|'''hl '''/ɬ/ | |||
|'''sh '''/ç ~ ɕ/ | |||
|'''h''' /χ ~ x/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''z''' /d͡z ~ z/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximant | |||
|'''w''' /w/ | |||
|'''v''' /ɥ/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ ɹ ~ ʎ/ | |||
| | |||
|'''r''' /ʁ ~ ʀ/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology.</span></p> | |||
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | |||
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases. | |||
:#Before a vowel with modal voice and at the beginning of a word. | |||
:#Before a vowel with modal voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has modal voice. | |||
:#Before a vowel with breathy voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has breathy voice. | |||
In the latter case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages. | |||
The same restrictions apply to the distribution of fricatives other than /s/, and of prestopped nasals except that they are never found in the 3rd case. | |||
*Ejectives are only ever found between two vowels with tense voice (possibly with /ɴ/ separating them). | |||
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | |||
*The velar nasals /</span>kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | |||
*The palatalized labial approximant /ɥ/ can never occur before back vowels or low vowels.</span></p> | |||
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere. | |||
====Consonant Harmony==== | |||
<p class=MsoNormal>Consonants in Antarctican can be grouped into two sets, soft | <p class=MsoNormal>Consonants in Antarctican can be grouped into two sets, soft | ||