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(→Noun Morphology: Changing it to update floating tone) |
(Changed romanisation of ejectives and glottal stops, simplified noun declension) |
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Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation. | Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g. | ||
ámáelái /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive | |||
wa-ámáelái /waʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái) | |||
====Vowel Mutation==== | ====Vowel Mutation==== | ||
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Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | ||
*kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | *'kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
*kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | *'kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | ||
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | ||
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!<small>ejective</small> | !<small>ejective</small> | ||
|''' | |'''pq '''/p'/ | ||
|''' | |'''pqy '''/p'ʲ/ | ||
|''' | |'''tq '''/t'/ | ||
|''' | |'''tql '''/tɬ'/ | ||
|''' | |'''cqh '''/c' ~ tɕ'/ | ||
|''' | |'''kq '''/k'/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
|''' | |'''-''' /ʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|''' | |'''tqs '''/ts' ~ s'/ | ||
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*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | *Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | ||
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. | |||
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | *Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | ||
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | *The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | ||
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syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g. | syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g. | ||
táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | 'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | 'tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | ||
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Otherwise, | Otherwise, | ||
if a word begins with a sonorant, then it always has floating phonation that is the same as that on the first vowel e.g. | |||
máláeyáa /maʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - manners, absolutive | 'máláeyáa /maʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - manners, absolutive | ||
malieyaaetun /malejɛːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative | malieyaaetun /malejɛːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative | ||
myíeymáláeyáa /mʲeiʔmaʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - my manners, absolutive | 'myíeymáláeyáa /mʲeiʔmaʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - my manners, absolutive | ||
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If the absolutive | If the absolutive | ||
stem begins with /s/, | stem begins with /s/, it can never have tense floating phonation | ||
e.g. | e.g. | ||
sásaechin /saʔsɛciɴ/ - stab wound, absolutive | sásaechin /saʔsɛciɴ/ - stab wound, absolutive | ||
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In the case | In the case | ||
of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative | of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative | ||
form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the breathy | form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the word has breathy floating phonation e.g. | ||
sòemùe /sɜɦmɨɦ/ - (major) wife, absolutive | `sòemùe /sɜɦmɨɦ/ - (major) wife, absolutive | ||
zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | ||
myùesòemùe /mʲɨɦsɜɦmɨɦ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe) | `myùesòemùe /mʲɨɦsɜɦmɨɦ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe) | ||
But if, in | But if, in | ||
the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial | the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial | ||
consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in the absolutive form, | consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in both the absolutive form and the ergative, there is floating modal phonation e.g. | ||
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If the | If the | ||
absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or | absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or | ||
fricative), and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally | fricative) followed by a vowel with tense voice, and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally | ||
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then | voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then the absolutive form has tense floating phonation e.g. | ||
absolutive form | |||
kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive | 'kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive | ||
kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative | kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative | ||
myíeykán-kúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive | 'myíeykán-kúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive | ||
táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | 'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | ||
myíeytáen /mʲeiʔtɛɴʔ/ - my weather, absolutive | 'myíeytáen /mʲeiʔtɛɴʔ/ - my weather, absolutive | ||
But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then | But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g. | ||
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And vice versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then | And vice versa, if the absolutive form of a noun begins with a voicless obstruent followed by a breathy voiced vowel, and that vowel becomes voiced in the ergative form, then the absolutive form has floating breathy phonation e.g. | ||
pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive | `pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive | ||
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | ||
myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive | `myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive | ||
pòey /pɜiɦ/- baby, absolutive | `pòey /pɜiɦ/- baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | ||
myùepòey /mʲɨɦpɜiɦ/ - my baby, absolutive | `myùepòey /mʲɨɦpɜiɦ/ - my baby, absolutive | ||
| | ||
And if the | And if the | ||
obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then | obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g. | ||
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<h4> | <h4>Nasalisation of Velar Initials</h4> | ||
For some nouns that begin with /k/ or /g/, often it changes to /ŋ/ when | |||
the noun takes a prefix. e.g. | the noun takes a prefix. e.g. | ||
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In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it | In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it also has a floating phonation that is the same e.g. | ||
kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive | `kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
`myùengùe /mʲɨɦŋɨɦ/ - my goods, absolutive | |||
'kíeyváy /keiʔɥaiʔ/ - tongue, absolutive | |||
'myíeyngíeyváy /mʲeiʔŋeiʔɥaiʔ/ - my tongue, absolutive | |||
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<h3>Possession by a Noun</h3> | <h3>Possession by a Noun</h3> |
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