Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican (view source)

Revision as of 08:20, 15 February 2013

4,259 bytes removed ,  15 February 2013
Changed romanisation of ejectives and glottal stops, simplified noun declension
(→‎Noun Morphology: Changing it to update floating tone)
(Changed romanisation of ejectives and glottal stops, simplified noun declension)
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Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation.
Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g.
 
ámáelái /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive
 
wa-ámáelái /waʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái)
 


====Vowel Mutation====
====Vowel Mutation====
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Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.
Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.


*kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
*'kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
*kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
*'kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive


When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc.
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc.
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!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>ejective</small>


|'''pp '''/p'/
|'''pq '''/p'/


|'''ppy '''/p'&#690;/
|'''pqy '''/p'&#690;/


|'''tt '''/t'/
|'''tq '''/t'/


|'''ttl '''/t&#620;'/
|'''tql '''/t&#620;'/


|'''cch '''/c' ~ t&#597;'/
|'''cqh '''/c' ~ t&#597;'/


|'''kk '''/k'/
|'''kq '''/k'/


|
|
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|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/


|'''q''' /&#660;/
|'''-''' /&#660;/


|-
|-
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|
|


|'''tts '''/ts' ~ s'/
|'''tqs '''/ts' ~ s'/


|
|
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*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere.
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
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syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.
syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.


táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - weather, absolutive
'táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - weather, absolutive


tenchin /t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative
'tenchin /t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative




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Otherwise,
Otherwise,
phonation always spreads if the word begins with a sonorant e.g.
if a word begins with a sonorant, then it always has floating phonation that is the same as that on the first vowel e.g.




máláeyáa /ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - manners, absolutive
'máláeyáa /ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - manners, absolutive


malieyaaetun /malej&#603;&#720;tu&#628;/ - manners, ergative
malieyaaetun /malej&#603;&#720;tu&#628;/ - manners, ergative




myíeymáláeyáa /m&#690;ei&#660;ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - my manners, absolutive
'myíeymáláeyáa /m&#690;ei&#660;ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - my manners, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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If the absolutive
If the absolutive
stem begins with /s/, then tense voice never spreads when it takes a prefix
stem begins with /s/, it can never have tense floating phonation
e.g.
e.g.
síeykúow /sei&#660;kou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive
myisíeykúow /m&#690;isei&#660;kou&#660;/ - my small amount, absolutive (never *myíeysíeykúow)


sásaechin /sa&#660;s&#603;ci&#628;/ - stab wound, absolutive
sásaechin /sa&#660;s&#603;ci&#628;/ - stab wound, absolutive
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In the case
In the case
of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative
of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative
form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the breathy voice spreads when
form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the word has breathy floating phonation e.g.
the absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.




sòemùe /s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - (major) wife, absolutive
`sòemùe /s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - (major) wife, absolutive


zamibyin /zamib&#690;i&#628;/ - (major) wife, ergative
zamibyin /zamib&#690;i&#628;/ - (major) wife, ergative


myùesòemùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe)
`myùesòemùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe)




But if, in
But if, in
the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial
the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial
consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in the absolutive form, the breathy
consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in both the absolutive form and the ergative, there is floating modal phonation e.g.
voice never spreads e.g.




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If the
If the
absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or
absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or
fricative), and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally
fricative) followed by a vowel with tense voice, and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then tense phonation spreads when the
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then the absolutive form has tense floating phonation e.g.
absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.




kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
'kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive


kan-gukin /ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative
kan-gukin /ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive
'myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive




táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - weather, absolutive
'táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - weather, absolutive


tenchin /t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative
tenchin /t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative


myíeytáen /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - my weather, absolutive  
'myíeytáen /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - my weather, absolutive  




But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then tense phonation cannot spread e.g.
But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g.




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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


And vice versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then tense
And vice versa, if the absolutive form of a noun begins with a voicless obstruent followed by a breathy voiced vowel, and that vowel becomes voiced in the ergative form, then the absolutive form has floating breathy phonation e.g.
phonation is blocked from spreading but breathy phonation spreads e.g.




pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
`pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive


bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative
bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative


myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
`myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive




pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/- baby, absolutive
`pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/- baby, absolutive


baybyin /baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative
baybyin /baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative


myùepòey /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#604;i&#614;/ - my baby, absolutive
`myùepòey /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#604;i&#614;/ - my baby, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


And if the
And if the
obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then breathy voice does not
obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g.
spread e.g.




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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h4>Irregular Nouns</h4>
<h4>Nasalisation of Velar Initials</h4>


A handful of nouns are irregular, taking special forms whenever they are prefixed. These
For some nouns that begin with /k/ or /g/, often it changes to /&#331;/ when
can be divided up into a few categories.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>First Consonant Becomes /&#331;/</h5>
 
If the
initial consonant of a noun is /k/ or /g/, often it changes to /&#331;/ when
the noun takes a prefix. e.g.
the noun takes a prefix. e.g.


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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it always spreads
In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it also has a floating phonation that is the same e.g.
onto the prefix e.g.




kùe /k&#616;&#614;/ - goods, absolutive
`kùe /k&#616;&#614;/ - goods, absolutive
 
myùengùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;/ - my goods, absolutive
 
 
kíeyváy /kei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - tongue, absolutive
 
myíeyngíeyváy /m&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - my tongue, absolutive
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Syllable Insertion</h5>
 
For a few nouns, an additional syllable is inserted between the prefix and the stem. The
consonant is unpredictable and depends on the noun, but the vowel is always
modally voiced /i/ and is never followed by /&#628; /. For any given noun, this
will be the same regardless of the prefix e.g.
 
 
bun /bu&#628;/ - pants, absolutive
 
myizibun /m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive
 
tizibun /tizibu&#628;/ - your pants, absolutive
 
&nbsp;
 
Tense voice is always blocked from spreading in such cases e.g.
 
 
tlíeynáe /t&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - business, absolutive
 
myibyitlíeynáe /m&#690;ib&#690;it&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - my business, absolutive
 
&nbsp;
 
But breathy voice will always spread onto both the prefix and the inserted syllable e.g.
 
 
pùey /p&#616;i&#614;/ - section, absolutive
 
myùetlùepùey /m&#690;&#616;&#614;t&#620;&#616;&#614;p&#616;i&#614;/ - section, absolutive
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Syllable Insertion and Nasalisation</h5>
 
Some words undergo both of the above changes when they take a prefix e.g.
 
 
gay /gai/ - gift, absolutive
 
myibyingay /m&#690;ib&#690;i&#331;ai/ - my gift, absolutive
 
&nbsp;


If the initial syllable of the unprefixed word has tense voice, then this spreads onto
`myùengùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;/ - my goods, absolutive
the inserted syllable, but not onto the actual prefix e.g.




kúow /kou&#660;/ – bigot, absolutive
'kíeyváy /kei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - tongue, absolutive


myipyíeyngúow /m&#690;ip&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ou&#660;/ – my bigot, absolutive (not *myíeypyíeykúow)
'myíeyngíeyváy /m&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - my tongue, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


If the initial syllable of the unprefixed noun has breathy voice, then this spreads on
to both the inserted syllable and the prefix:
kùeròe /k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/- grudge, absolutive
myùepyùengùeròe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
- my grudge, absolutive
&nbsp;
<h5>First Syllable Deleted</h5>
A considerable number of nouns lose their initial syllable when they take a prefix.
In such cases, the prefix always has tense voice e.g.
puekaay /p&#616;ka&#720;i/ - star, absolutive
myíeykaay /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#720;i/ - my star, absolutive
fuekirami /f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive
myíeykirami /m&#690;ei&#660;fiki&#641;ami/ - my swelling, absolutive
&nbsp;
The only words that undergo this process are ones that begin with a voiceless obstruent
(oral stop, fricative or affricate), immediately followed by modally voiced /&#616;/
or /i/, immediately followed by a second voiceless
obstruent. Many, but by no means all of these words originated in English,
where they began with clusters of /s/ + voiceless consonant. The proto language
did not like these clusters and so inserted a vowel to break them up. However
when they took a prefix this insertion was no longer necessary. A later sound change
put tense voice on all syllables which ended in a voiceless consonant, and
deleted that consonant e.g.
sitùen /sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
absolutive
myíeytùen /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - my wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or
a jellyfish), absolutive
suekiraeypi /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive
myíeykiraypi /m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive
&nbsp;
<h5>Syllable Deletion with Ejectivisation</h5>
A similar but separate sound change applies to a few words, all of which have íey as
their first vowel, with the second vowel having tense voice. Like before, the
first vowel is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice. However, the consonant
immediately after the prefix changes to an ejective e.g.
síeypyíey /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive
míeyppyíey /m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive
líeyká /lei&#660;ka&#660;/ - square, absolutive
myíeykká /m&#690;ei&#660;k&#700;a&#660;/ - my square, absolutive
&nbsp;
If the second syllable begins with /l/, then this always converts to /ts&#700;/ rather
than /t&#620;&#700;/ e.g.
chilúo /cilou&#660;/ - banner, absolutive
myíeyttsúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ts&#700;ou&#660;/ - my banner, absolutive
&nbsp;
<h5>Other irregular nouns</h5>
There are other nouns that behave in other ways to those described above when they take a
prefix. What happens needs to be remembered for each noun, however note that
the prefixes for irregular nouns always take tense voice e.g.
kíey /kei&#660;/ - mouth, absolutive
myíeytli /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;i/ - my mouth, absolutive
&nbsp;


<h3>Possession by a Noun</h3>
<h3>Possession by a Noun</h3>
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