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Revision as of 08:03, 15 February 2013

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→‎Noun Morphology: Changing it to update floating tone
(→‎Noun Morphology: Changing it to update floating tone)
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*píey /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive
*píey /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive
*píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative
*píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative
*kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
*`kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
*kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
*`kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
*rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive
*`rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive
* rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative
*`rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative
*kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive
*'kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive
*kúowpin */kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative
*'kúowpin */kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative
*píeylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive
*píeylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive
*píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, ergative
*píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, ergative
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====Stem changes====
====Stem changes====
However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and a change in vowel quality. e.g.
However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and often a change in vowel quality (as given by the table in the phonology section). e.g.


sitùen /sitɨɴɦ/- wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive
'tùen /tɨɴɦ/- wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive


suetin-gin /sɨtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative (not *sitùen-gin)
'tin-gin /tiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative (not *tùen-gin)




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voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g.
voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g.


qùylèn /ʔuiɦlɘɴɦ/ - island, absolutive
ùylèn /ʔuiɦlɘɴɦ/ - island, absolutive


quoyliendun
uoyliendun
/ʔoileɴduɴ/ - island, ergative (not *qùilèndun)
/ʔoileɴduɴ/ - island, ergative (not *qùilèndun)


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tuoriiendun
tuoriiendun
/toʁeːɴduɴ/ - fashionable items, ergative
/toʁeːɴduɴ/ - fashionable items, ergative
síeykúow
/seiʔkouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive
suekuhli /sɨkuɬi/ - a small amount, ergative


 
 
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qámáeláy /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive
ámáeláy /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive
 
qamielaeykin /ʔamelɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative
 
 
 
The changes
in vowel quality and vowel voicing may appear random, but in fact they are not.
The vowel quality of the new vowel can be predicted using the table blow. The
vowels in the first two columns change to their equivalent in the third column
e.g. When sitùen changes to sitin-gin, we can see that ùe changes to i (first
column of the table).
 
However, if
the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a modally voiced consonant
before a modally voiced vowel, then the vowel from the fourth column is used
e.g. when qùylèn changes to quoyliendun, the ùy changes to uoy, since the next
syllable begins with a modally voiced consonant -l-, followed by a modally
voiced vowel -ie-.
 
Also, if
the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant
followed by another modally voice vowel, then the vowel from the fifth column
is used e.g. when qámáláy changes to qamielaeykin, the á changes to ae, since
the next syllable begins with the voiceless -k-, followed by the modally voiced
-i-.
 
 


{| class="wikitable"
amielaeykin /ʔamelɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative
|-
! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
|-
| íey || ùe || || i || i || ue
|-
| éy || ùey || || ii || ii || uue
|-
| áe / áae || è / èe || || ie / iie || ie / iie || e / ee
|-
| á / áa || òe / òoe || || a / aa || a / aa || ae / aae
|-
| úow || ù || || u || uo || u
|-
| éw || ùew || || uu || uow || uu
|-
| óe || ùo || || o || ao || o
|-
| áey / áaey || èy / èey || || iey / iiey || iey / iiey|| ey / eey
|-
| áy / áay || òey / òoey || || ay / aay || ay / aay|| aey / aaey
|-
| úoy / úuoy || ùy / ùuy || || uy / uuy || uoy / uuoy|| uy / uuy
|-
| áew / áaew || èw / èew || || iew / iiew || iew / iiew|| ew / eew
|-
| áw / áaw || òew / òoew || || aw / aaw || aw / aaw|| aew / aaew
|-
| ów / óow || ùow / ùuow || || uow / uuow || ow/ oow|| uow / uuow
|}


 
 


There are many, many other nouns that decline according to this pattern.
There are many, many other nouns that decline according to this pattern.
All of the nouns that end in /ɴ/ or contain a long vowel in the final
Almost all of the nouns that end in /ɴ/ or contain a long vowel in the final
syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.
syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.


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vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g.                 
vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g.                 


qùenòe /ʔɨɦnɜɦ/ - eel, absolutive
ùenòe /ʔɨɦnɜɦ/ - eel, absolutive


qinajin /ʔinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative
inajin /ʔinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative




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kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
`kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive


kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
`kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative


 
 
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ká /kaʔ/ - fence, absolutive
'ká /kaʔ/ - fence, absolutive


kaechin /kɛciɴ/ - fence, ergative
kaechin /kɛciɴ/ - fence, ergative
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If the
If the
absolutive form has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
absolutive form has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
that is surrounded by breathy voice vowels (possibly with /ɴ/ separating
that separates two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if word initial), when the breathy voiced vowels acquire modal voice in the ergative form,
them), when the breathy voiced vowels acquire modal voice in the ergative form,
the voiceless obstruent does too, becoming modally voiced e.g.
the voiceless obstruent does too, becoming modally voiced e.g.




nyùewsùeylèn /ɲɨuɦsɨɦiɦlɘɴɦ/ - New Zealand, absolutive
`pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
 
nyuuziiliendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative
 
 
This
sometimes applies to word initial consonants as well e.g.
 
 
pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive


bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative




pòey /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive
`pòey /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive


baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative




But sometimes it does not e.g.
`nyùewsùeylèn /ɲɨuɦsɨɦiɦlɘɴɦ/ - New Zealand, absolutive


nyuuziiliendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative


pòey /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative


 
 
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damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative


However others
do not e.g.
kán-kúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative


 
 
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Another
Another
similar pattern occurs in sonorants. If, in the absolutive form, they are
similar pattern occurs in sonorants. If, in the absolutive form, they are
preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel, and followed by a breathy
preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel (or modal voice floating phonation if word initial), and followed by a breathy
or tense voiced vowel that changes in the ergative (to have modal voice), then the sonorant becomes
or tense voiced vowel that changes in the ergative (to have modal voice), then the sonorant becomes
devoiced. /w/ becomes /f/, /l/ becomes /ɬ/, /j/ becomes /ç/, and /ʁ/
devoiced. /w/ becomes /f/, /l/ becomes /ɬ/, /j/ becomes /ç/, and /ʁ/
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qaetienòelùn /ʔɛtenɜɦluɴɦ/ - heart, absolutive
aetienòelùn /ʔɛtenɜɦluɴɦ/ - heart, absolutive


qaetetnaluonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative
aetetnaluonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative


 
 
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ráettúowlíeykuetu /ʁɛʔtʼoleiʔkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive
'kqúow
/kʼouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive
 
'kuhli /\kuɬi/ - a small amount, ergative
 
 
ráetqúowlíeykuetu /ʁɛʔtʼoleiʔkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive


ráetuoluekuetu /ʁɛʔtolɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative
ráetuoluekuetu /ʁɛʔtolɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative




kíeycchíey /keiʔcʼeiʔ/ - a female name, absolutive
'kíeychqíey /keiʔcʼeiʔ/ - a female name, absolutive


kíeychuekin /keiʔcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative
'kíeychuekin /keiʔcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative


 
 
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qagiriey /ʔagiʁei/ - agreement, absolutive
agiriey /ʔagiʁei/ - agreement, absolutive


qagirey /ʔagiʁɘi/ - agreement, comitative
agirey /ʔagiʁɘi/ - agreement, comitative


 
 
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sitùen /sitɨɴɦ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive
'tùen /sitɨɴɦ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive


suetin-gin /sɨtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative
'tin-gin /sɨtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative


suetin-giqu /sɨtiɴgiʔu/ - wound caused by a sting, comitative
'tin-gi-u /sɨtiɴgiʔu/ - wound caused by a sting, comitative




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/teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative
/teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative


tieyláaesiqu /teilɛʔːsiʔu/ - shirt, comitative
tieyláaesi-u /teilɛʔːsiʔu/ - shirt, comitative




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píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative
píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative


píeykiqu /peiʔkiʔu/ - book, comitative
píeyki-u /peiʔkiʔu/ - book, comitative




kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
`kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive


kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
`kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative


kùeziqu /kɨɦziʔu/ - goods, comitative
`kùezi-u /kɨɦziʔu/ - goods, comitative




rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive
`rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive


rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative
`rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative


rèduqu /ʁɘɦduʔu/ – red object, comitative
`rèdu-u /ʁɘɦduʔu/ – red object, comitative




kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive
'kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive


kúowpin /kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative
'kúowpin /kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative


kúowpiqu /kouʔpiʔu/ - cup, comitative
'kúowpi-u /kouʔpiʔu/ - cup, comitative




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píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, comitative
píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, comitative


píeylánkáetuqu /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuʔu/ - blanket, ergative
píeylánkáetu-u /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuʔu/ - blanket, ergative




wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/ - frog, absolutive
wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/ - frog, absolutive


wùerùgiqu /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, ergative
wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiʔu/ - frog, ergative


wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiʔu/ - frog, comitative
wùerùgiqu /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, comitative


 
 
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<h4>Phonation spreading</h4>
<h4>Phonation spreading</h4>


However,
However, if the noun has a floating phonation, this will spread onto the prefix, and often cause a vowel change in it as well (see the table in the phonology section for a list of changes) e.g.
with some nouns that have breathy or tense voice on their first vowel, the
voice “spreads” back to the prefix, changing the modally voiced vowel in the
base form to its tense voice or breathy voice equivalent (see the table before)
e.g.




kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
'kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive


myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not *myikán-kúow)
'myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not *myikán-kúow)


tíeykán-kúow /tei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not *tikán-kúow)
'tíeykán-kúow /tei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not *tikán-kúow)




pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
`pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive


myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive (not *myipùelùe)
`myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive (not *myipùelùe)


tùepùelùe /t&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)
tùepùelùe /t&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)


&nbsp;
=====Loss of Floating Phonation=====
 
If, for any given word, phonation spreads onto one particular prefix, then it will spread
onto any prefix that attaches to that word e.g. there are no words that take
myíey- as their 1<sup>st</sup> person (exclusive) possessive prefix, but ti- or
tùe as their 2<sup>nd</sup> person possessive prefix.
 
&nbsp;


However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then modally voiced forms of the
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then, if the floating phonation was the same as the what used to be on the vowel, then it is lost too e.g.
prefixes are always used when talking about possessing a noun in the ergative
case e.g.




kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
'kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive


kan-gukin /ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative
kaen-gukin /k&#603;&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive
'myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive


myikan-gukin /m&#690;ika&#628;guki&#628;/ - my prisoner, ergative
myuekaen-gukin /m&#690;&#616;k&#603;&#628;guki&#628;/ - my prisoner, ergative




pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/- bridge, absolutive
`pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/- bridge, absolutive


bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative
bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative


myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
`myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive


myibilidlin /m&#690;ibilid&#622;i&#628;/ - my bridge, ergative
myibilidlin /m&#690;ibilid&#622;i&#628;/ - my bridge, ergative
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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


However, with other nouns, phonation never spreads e.g.
There are two exceptions to the above rule. The first is if the word begins with an ejective, in which case the ejectiveness is lost, but the floating phonation remains e.g.




támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
'kqúow
/k&#700;ou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive


myuetámá /m&#690;&#616;ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive (not *myíeytámá)
'kuhli /ku&#620;i/ - a small amount, ergative


&nbsp;
myíeykuhli /m&#690;ei&#660;ku&#620;i/ - my small amount, ergative


<h5>Prediction </h5>


If a noun
The second is for words that begin with consonant pronounced with breathy voice (voiced consonant before a breathy voiced vowel) e.g.
begins with a glottal stop (which does not count as either voiced or
voiceless), then phonation never spreads from it onto a prefix e.g.




qámáelái /&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - prey, absolutive
`byùe /b&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - mouth, absolutive


myiqámáelái /m&#690;i&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - my prey, absolutive (never *myíeyqámáelái)
`byijin /b&#690;i&#607;i&#628;/ - mouth, ergative


myùebyùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;b&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - my mouth, absolutive


qòepèn /&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - one who is / was / is to be avenged, absolutive
`myùebyijin /m&#690;&#616;&#614;b&#690;i&#607;i&#628;/ - my mouth, ergative


myiqòepèn /m&#690;i&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - my one who is / was / is to
be avenged, absolutive (never *myùeqòepèn)


&nbsp;
<h5>Prediction of Floating Tone</h5>


In other
As a rule, whether or not a noun has floating tone cannot be
cases, whether or not the phonation spreads onto the prefix cannot always be
predicted. The only time when it is possible to do so is for absolutive nouns,
predicted. The only time when it is possible to do so is for absolutive nouns,
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel loses its
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel loses its
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absolutive stem begins with a sonorant (nasal or approximant), and that
absolutive stem begins with a sonorant (nasal or approximant), and that
sonorant becomes devoiced when the vowel after it acquires modal voice in the
sonorant becomes devoiced when the vowel after it acquires modal voice in the
ergative form, then the phonation never spreads in the absolutive form upon
ergative form, then there is only ever modal floating phonation before it in both cases e.g.
taking a prefix e.g.




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