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* djarvar = seesaw = ʎ | * djarvar = seesaw = ʎ | ||
* zji = hair = ɪ | * zji = hair = ɪ | ||
* | * gænψ = foot = ɺ | ||
* minth = arm = ʏ | * minth = arm = ʏ | ||
* nuret = star = ʞ | * nuret = star = ʞ | ||
* | * ngψlær = boat = ʁ | ||
* reλæth = tree = ʡ | * reλæth = tree = ʡ | ||
* rhoadzet = pineapple = ð | * rhoadzet = pineapple = ð | ||
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* i: ʷ (''tjiweσ ære'' 'small cloud') | * i: ʷ (''tjiweσ ære'' 'small cloud') | ||
* o: ˣ (''tsordh ære'' 'small hourglass') | * o: ˣ (''tsordh ære'' 'small hourglass') | ||
* | * ψ: ʶ (''ngψlær ære'' 'small boat') | ||
* u: ˧˥ (''nuret ære'' 'small star') | * u: ˧˥ (''nuret ære'' 'small star') | ||
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| oa|| /ɔɑ ~ ɒɑ ~ ɒː/ | | oa|| /ɔɑ ~ ɒɑ ~ ɒː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ψ|| /ɨ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| u|| /ʊ/ | | u|| /ʊ/ | ||
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# zaweth 'ant' → aweth | # zaweth 'ant' → aweth | ||
# zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | # zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | ||
# | # λψ + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λψnawesj | ||
# ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ | # ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ | ||
# farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | # farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+nψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+ | | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+ | | Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+nψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+ | | Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ | | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ | | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψ+[lenited gen stem] || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+nær || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψ+[lenited gen stem] || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+nær || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψ+[lenited gen stem] || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+nær || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψd+[lenited gen stem] || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+men || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+ | | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+nψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || | | Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || erimnψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || | | Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || erimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || | | Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || erimnψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || | | Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || ænerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || | | Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || menerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || | | Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || ownerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψnerime || rψnerimmen || rψnerimnær || rψnerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψnerime || tsψnerimmen || tsψnerimnær || tsψnerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψnerime || λψnerimmen || λψnerimnær || λψnerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψdnerime || ψdnerimmen || ψdnerimnær || ψdnerimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || | | Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || nerimnψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || | | Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || | | Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || neσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || | | Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || neσanψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || | | Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || ænneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || | | Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || meneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || | | Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || owneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψneσan || rψneσamen || rψneσanær || rψneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψneσan || tsψneσamen || tsψneσanær || tsψneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψneσan || λψneσamen || λψneσanær || λψneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψdneσan || ψdneσamen || ψdneσanær || ψdneσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || | | Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ | | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+ | | Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+ψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ | | Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ | | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ | | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψ+[lenited gen stem] || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+ær || rψ+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψ+[lenited gen stem] || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+ær || tsψ+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψ+[lenited gen stem] || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+men || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+ær || λψ+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψd+[lenited gen stem] || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+men || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ψd+[lenited nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ | | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || | | Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || | | Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || newæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || | | Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || newæthψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || | | Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || ænnewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || | | Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || menewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || | | Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || ownewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψnewæsj || rψnewæthmen || rψnewæthær || rψnewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψnewæsj || tsψnewæthmen || tsψnewæthær || tsψnewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψnewæsj || λψnewæthmen || λψnewæthær || λψnewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψdnewæsj || ψdnewæthmen || ψdnewæthær || ψdnewæthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || | | Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+ær || [gen stem]+ | | Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+ær || [gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+æth || [gen stem]+ | | Accusative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+æth || [gen stem]+ψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+ær || æn+[gen stem]+ | | Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+ær || æn+[gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+ær || me+[lenited gen stem]+ | | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+ær || me+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ | | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψ+[lenited gen stem]+e || rψ+[lenited gen stem]+emen || rψ+[lenited gen stem]+ær || rψ+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψ+[lenited gen stem]+e || tsψ+[lenited gen stem]+emen || tsψ+[lenited gen stem]+ær || tsψ+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψ+[lenited gen stem]+e || λψ+[lenited gen stem]+emen || λψ+[lenited gen stem]+ær || λψ+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψd+[lenited gen stem]+e || ψd+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ψd+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ψd+[lenited gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ | | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''mæλnψ'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || | | Nominative || mæλnψ || mæλnψrem || mæλnψræ || mæλnψrψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || | | Genitive || mæλnψre || mæλnψremen || mæλnψrær || mæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || | | Accusative || mæλnψrth || mæλnψremeth || mæλnψræth || mæλnψrψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || | | Dative || ænmæλnψre || ænmæλnψremen || ænmæλnψrær || ænmæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative || | | Locative || mewæλnψre || mewæλnψremen || mewæλnψrær || mewæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exlocative || | | Exlocative || owwæλnψre || owwæλnψremen || owwæλnψrær || owwæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || | | Instrumental || rψwæλnψre || rψwæλnψremen || rψwæλnψrær || rψwæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abessive || | | Abessive || tsψwæλnψre || tsψwæλnψremen || tsψwæλnψrær || tsψwæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Equative || | | Equative || λψwæλnψre || λψwæλnψremen || λψwæλnψrær || λψwæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Anti-equative || | | Anti-equative || ψdwæλnψre || ψdwæλnψremen || ψdwæλnψrær || ψdwæλnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || | | Vocative || wæλnψ || wæλnψrem || wæλnψræ || wæλnψrψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Verbal nouns ending in - | Verbal nouns ending in -ψ are always second declension masculine. | ||
* | * deλψ 'to rest', genitive stem deλr- | ||
* | * ithψ 'to eat', genitive stem ithr- | ||
* | * mærthψ 'to sit', genitive stem mærthr- | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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pæ = past | pæ = past | ||
sjin = future | sjin = future | ||
cψvo = simple present | |||
pænwæ = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English) | pænwæ = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English) | ||
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