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Rencadian: Difference between revisions
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<æ> -> <ε>, <e> -> <ə>
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m (<æ> -> <ε>, <e> -> <ə>) |
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|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | |creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''dhünanε Rεngcadnεr'' | ||
|pronunciation= /ˈðyːnanɛ rɛŋˈkadnɛr/ | |pronunciation= /ˈðyːnanɛ rɛŋˈkadnɛr/ | ||
|setting = Zul | |setting = Zul | ||
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The letters themselves are derived from pictograms. | The letters themselves are derived from pictograms. | ||
* | * pεsj = bear = ɤ | ||
* | * tεnwəf = mushroom = ɷ | ||
* | * tsopəl = hook = ʕ | ||
* | * sεn = head = ɵ | ||
* tσîch = vine = ɖ | * tσîch = vine = ɖ | ||
* | * σvεra = clock = ɸ | ||
* | * tjiwəσ = cloud = ɯ | ||
* | * sjwεt = rose = ɘ | ||
* cmath = jaw = ɜ | * cmath = jaw = ɜ | ||
* banr = hill = ʌ | * banr = hill = ʌ | ||
* driλ = river = ʭ | * driλ = river = ʭ | ||
* dzitra = fence = ʜ | * dzitra = fence = ʜ | ||
* | * zawəth = ant = ɶ | ||
* | * dλərsja = plough = ʄ | ||
* λa = human being = ɧ | * λa = human being = ɧ | ||
* | * djarva = seesaw = ʎ | ||
* zji = hair = ɪ | * zji = hair = ɪ | ||
* | * gεnψ = foot = ɺ | ||
* minth = arm = ʏ | * minth = arm = ʏ | ||
* | * nəσa = rope = n | ||
* | * ngψlεr = boat = ʁ | ||
* | * rəλεth = tree = ʡ | ||
* | * rhoadzət = pineapple = ð | ||
* lif = moon = c | * lif = moon = c | ||
* wuthma = whale = ɚ | * wuthma = whale = ɚ | ||
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The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name. | The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name. | ||
* a: ʱ (called ''λa | * a: ʱ (called ''λa εrə'', 'small human being') | ||
* | * ε: ˠ (''pεsj εrə'' 'small bear') | ||
* | * ə: ˀ (''rəλεth εrə'' 'small tree') | ||
* i: ʷ (''tjiweσ | * i: ʷ (''tjiweσ εrə'' 'small cloud') | ||
* o: ˣ (''tsordh | * o: ˣ (''tsordh εrə'' 'small hourglass') | ||
* ψ: ʶ ('' | * ψ: ʶ (''ngψlεr εrə'' 'small boat') | ||
* u: | * u: ˞ (''wuthma εrə'' 'small star') | ||
Punctuation is as follows: | Punctuation is as follows: | ||
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ˈɤˠ.ɵˣǃɚˠ.ʏˀʞɤːʱʡʞʱɷːˀɭɭ.[ˈɜˣ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀʋːˠʌʱʞˠʡɭ] | ˈɤˠ.ɵˣǃɚˠ.ʏˀʞɤːʱʡʞʱɷːˀɭɭ.[ˈɜˣ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀʋːˠʌʱʞˠʡɭ] | ||
Pε sonwε mənfarnathə, "Co əfsa dhə sjwεt məσεbanεr." | |||
The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet." | The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet." | ||
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| â|| /ɑː/ | | â|| /ɑː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ε|| /ɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ə|| /ə/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ê|| /əː/ | | ê|| /əː/ | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and | Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 4 cases (nominative, genitive, comparative, and vocative). | ||
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows: | Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows: | ||
* When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem. | * When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem. | ||
* When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem. | * When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem. | ||
* When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, | * When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, nə- is inserted before the stem. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
# | # bεr 'leaf' → vεr | ||
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj | # rasj 'spouse' → rasj | ||
# | # zawəth 'ant' → awəth | ||
# | # zawəsj 'ant' (genitive) → awəsj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | ||
# λψ + lenited form of | # λψ + lenited form of zawəsj 'like an ant' → λψnawəsj | ||
# | # ənsε 'fruit' → nənsε | ||
# farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → | # farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nəfarnathə, '''ʙᴜᴛ''': | ||
# | # mə + lenited form of farnathə 'speaking' → mənfarnathə | ||
# ow + lenited form of | # ow + lenited form of farnathə 'not speaking' → ownəfarnathə | ||
====Feminine nouns==== | ====Feminine nouns==== | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+mə || [nom stem]+nε || [nom stem]+nψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+ | | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+mən || [nom stem]+nεr || [nom stem]+nψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+məth || [nom stem]+nεth || [nom stem]+nψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+mə || [lenited nom stem]+nε || [lenited nom stem]+nψ | |||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun. | * [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun. | ||
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding - | * [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -ə if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel. | ||
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding - | * [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -əth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel. | ||
Here are two examples: | Here are two examples: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''ərim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || | | Nominative || ərim || ərimmə || ərimnε || ərimnψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || | | Genitive || ərimə || ərimmən || ərimnεr || ərimnψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || əriməth || ərimməth || ərimnεth || ərimnψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || nərim || nərimmə || nərimnε || nərimnψ | |||
| Vocative || | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''nəσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Nominative || nəσa || nəσamə || nəσanε || nəσanψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || nəσan || nəσamən || nəσanεr || nəσanψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || nəσath || nəσaməth || nəσanεth || nəσanψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || nəσa || nəσamə || nəσanε || nəσanψ | |||
| Vocative || | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+mə || [nom stem]+ε || [nom stem]+ψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+mən || [nom stem]+εr || [nom stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+məth || [nom stem]+εth || [nom stem]+ψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+mə || [lenited nom stem]+ε || [lenited nom stem]+ψ | |||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''nəwεth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Nominative || nəwεth || nəwεthmə || nəwεthε || nəwεthψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || nəwεsj || nəwεthmən || nəwεthεr || nəwεthψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || nəwεt || nəwεthməth || nəwεthεth || nəwεthψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || | | Vocative || nəwεth || nəwεthmə || nəwεthε || nəwεthψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+ | | Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+əm || [gen stem]+ε || [gen stem]+ψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || [gen stem]+ə || [gen stem]+əmən || [gen stem]+εr || [gen stem]+ψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+əməth || [gen stem]+εth || [gen stem]+ψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+əm || [lenited gen stem]+ε || [lenited gen stem]+ψ | |||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''mελnψ'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Nominative || mελnψ || mελnψrəm || mελnψrε || mελnψrψ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || mελnψrə || mελnψrəmən || mελnψrεr || mελnψrψr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Comparative || mελnψrth || mελnψrəməth || mελnψrεth || mελnψrψth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || | | Vocative || wελnψ || wελnψrəm || wελnψrε || wελnψrψ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* deλψ 'to rest', genitive stem deλr- | * deλψ 'to rest', genitive stem deλr- | ||
* ithψ 'to eat', genitive stem ithr- | * ithψ 'to eat', genitive stem ithr- | ||
* | * mεrthψ 'to sit', genitive stem mεrthr- | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
| Line 464: | Line 366: | ||
co = present progressive | co = present progressive | ||
pε = past | |||
sjin = future | sjin = future | ||
cψvo = simple present | cψvo = simple present | ||
pεnwε = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English) | |||
Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns. | Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns. | ||
| Line 479: | Line 381: | ||
There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives: | There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives: | ||
zjεr = 'smallness' (genitive zjεre) | |||
doasc | doasc εrə = small number | ||
zawəth zjεrə = small ant | |||
Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns but not after masculine nouns. | Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns but not after masculine nouns. | ||
Relative clauses are marked with the words ' | Relative clauses are marked with the words 'rə' or 'tjə' (both meaning 'of', but 'rə' is used when the complement is definite). Rencadian uses resumptive pronouns a lot -- so "the man who the wolf ate" literally translates as "the man of the wolf eating him" | ||
the man who the wolf ate: | the man who the wolf ate: λanε tje porəw mənithrə cεwth (insert gloss) | ||
the man from Frichorsj (a place) = | the man from Frichorsj (a place) = λanε rə nFrichorsjnε | ||
the man in Frichorsj = | the man in Frichorsj = λanε tje menFrichorsjnεr (there's polyagglutination) | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
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| 0 || Ψ || dira | | 0 || Ψ || dira | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1|| I || | | 1|| I || εth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2|| V || slonw | | 2|| V || slonw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3|| N || | | 3|| N || dεnr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4|| M || stjiw | | 4|| M || stjiw | ||
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| 5|| E || dhasjtur | | 5|| E || dhasjtur | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6|| IΨ || | | 6|| IΨ || mεch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7|| II || | | 7|| II || εthach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8|| IV || slonwach | | 8|| IV || slonwach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9|| IN || | | 9|| IN || dεnrach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10|| IM || stjiwach | | 10|| IM || stjiwach | ||
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| 11|| IE || dhasjturach | | 11|| IE || dhasjturach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12|| VΨ|| | | 12|| VΨ|| slonwεσ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13|| VI|| | | 13|| VI|| slonwεσ a nεth | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14|| VV|| | | 14|| VV|| slonwεσ a hlonw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 15|| VN|| | | 15|| VN|| slonwεσ a dhεnr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 16|| VM|| | | 16|| VM|| slonwεσ a htjiw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 17|| VE|| | | 17|| VE|| slonwεσ a ndhasjtur | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 18|| NΨ|| | | 18|| NΨ|| dεnrεσ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 35|| EE|| | | 35|| EE|| dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 36|| IΨΨ|| | | 36|| IΨΨ|| rεgh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1295|| EEEE|| | | 1295|| EEEE|| dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur rεgh a dhasjturεσ a ndhasjtur | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1296|| IʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozj | | 1296|| IʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozj | ||
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| 2592|| VʼΨΨΨΨ|| slonw dmozj | | 2592|| VʼΨΨΨΨ|| slonw dmozj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3888|| NʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 3888|| NʼΨΨΨΨ|| dεnr dmozj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5184|| MʼΨΨΨΨ|| stjiw dmozj | | 5184|| MʼΨΨΨΨ|| stjiw dmozj | ||
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| 6480|| EʼΨΨΨΨ|| dhasjtur dmozj | | 6480|| EʼΨΨΨΨ|| dhasjtur dmozj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7776|| IΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 7776|| IΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| mεch dhmozj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9072|| IIʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 9072|| IIʼΨΨΨΨ|| εthach dhmozj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1679616|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozjir | | 1679616|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| dmozjir | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2176782336|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 2176782336|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| tsifəd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2821109907456|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ || | | 2821109907456|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ || tsifədir | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3656158440062976|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 3656158440062976|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| vərσiw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4738381338321616896|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| | | 4738381338321616896|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| vərσiwir | ||
|} | |} | ||