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| ===Crane Speaker Dialect Phonotactics Table === | | ===Crane Speaker Dialect Phonotactics Table === |
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" |
| ! rowspan=2 | Initial Consonant | | ! rowspan=2 | Initial Consonant |
| ! colspan=18| Final Consonant | | ! colspan=18| Final Consonant |
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| * Time - Quasi-verb NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect) | | * Time - Quasi-verb NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect) |
| * Instrument: Type I Noun Incorporation, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb" | | * Instrument: Type I Noun Incorporation, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb" |
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| <!--
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| === Derivational Affixes === | | === Derivational Affixes === |
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| There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI. The most frequently encountered ones are listed in the following table. | | There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI. The most frequently encountered ones are listed in the following table. |
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| {| | | {| |
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| | style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna" | | | style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna" |
| |} | | |} |
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| <!-- | | <!-- |
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| == Morphosyntax == | | == Morphosyntax == |
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| === Conjunctions and Connectives=== | | === Conjunctions and Connectives=== |
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| Minhast has two classes of morphemes for joining two or more NPs into a larger phrase, one set being conjunctions, and another set called either ''ligatures'' or ''connectives'' which bind either mutually interdependent NPs (e.g. possessive phrases), or adjuncts to the nuclear clause. Most of the Minhast linguistic literature uses the latter term ''connectives'', as in this article. The purpose of both conjunctions and connectives is to link two or more entities or structures together to form a cohesive unit. However, there are major differences between the two. Conjunctions simply link a series of NPs with no implication that the individual NP units are interdependent. The connectives, on the other hand, are required for interdependent NPs or other adjuncts (e.g. evidential particles), otherwise the phrase would be ungrammatical when the connective is omitted. An example would be a possessive construction; omission of the connective min render the sentence ungrammatical because two NPs, namely the possessor and possessum, are “stranded”, and a possessive relationship cannot be inferred from the stranded NPs. | | Minhast has two classes of morphemes for joining two or more NPs into a larger phrase, one set being conjunctions, and another set called either ''ligatures'' or ''connectives'' which bind either mutually interdependent NPs (e.g. possessive phrases), or adjuncts to the nuclear clause. Most of the Minhast linguistic literature uses the latter term ''connectives'', as in this article. The purpose of both conjunctions and connectives is to link two or more entities or structures together to form a cohesive unit. However, there are major differences between the two. Conjunctions simply link a series of NPs with no implication that the individual NP units are interdependent. The connectives, on the other hand, are required for interdependent NPs or other adjuncts (e.g. evidential particles), otherwise the phrase would be ungrammatical when the connective is omitted. An example would be a possessive construction; omission of the connective min render the sentence ungrammatical because two NPs, namely the possessor and possessum, are “stranded”, and a possessive relationship cannot be inferred from the stranded NPs. |
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| ====Conjunctions==== | | ====Conjunctions==== |
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| ====Connectives==== | | ====Connectives==== |
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| There are two major connectives. One binds only NPs together, while the other binds a NP or adjunct (e.g. evidentials) and a clause together. The first type of connective, called the ''min''-connective, is used most notably for creating possessive phrases, although it is involved in the formation of other NP-NP structures . The other is called the ''wa''-connective and is used to bind adjuncts to clauses. The two connectives are described in further detail below. | | There are two major connectives. One binds only NPs together, while the other binds a NP or adjunct (e.g. evidentials) and a clause together. The first type of connective, called the ''min''-connective, is used most notably for creating possessive phrases, although it is involved in the formation of other NP-NP structures. The other is called the ''wa''-connective and is used to bind adjuncts to clauses. The two connectives are described in further detail below. |
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| ! Notes | | ! Notes |
| |- | | |- |
| ! f,g,h,k,m,p,r,s, š,(w),y,z | | ! f, g, h, k, m, p, r, s, ś, (w), y, z |
| | min | | | min |
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| ==== Copula ==== | | ==== Copula ==== |
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| Minhast is a zero-copula language and thus lacks the verb "to be". Instead, a NP and its predicate argument are simply juxtaposed, as in ''"Anyar Minhast"'' ("Anyar is Minhast"). The NP may precede or follow its predicate, but generally the unmarked word order is NP + Predicate. | | Minhast is a zero-copula language and thus lacks the verb "to be". Instead, a NP and its predicate argument are simply juxtaposed, as in ''"Anyar Minhast"'' ("Anyar is Minhast"). The NP may precede or follow its predicate, but generally the unmarked word order is NP + Predicate. |
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| Copular clauses are negated with the negation particle ''hatā''' (no, not). This particle can either precede or follow its argument; both ''"Kaslub hatā'"'' and ''"Hatā' kaslub"'' ("It is not a dog") are correct. Nouns can take tense markers. Thus, if tense needs to be indicated, the appropriate verbal tense marker is suffixed to the predicate, as in ''"Keslib-ar, attim wakkaslub"'' ("He was a puppy, now he's an adult dog"). Pronominal affixes are suffixed to their predicates, as in ''"Minhast-ek"'' ("I am Minhast"). Tense markers, when they appear, come before the pronominal affix, as in ''"Minhast-ar-ek"'' ("I was Minhast"). | | Copular clauses are negated with the negation particle ''hatā''' (no, not). This particle can either precede or follow its argument; both ''"Kaslub hatā'"'' and ''"Hatā' kaslub"'' ("It is not a dog") are correct. Nouns can take tense markers. Thus, if tense needs to be indicated, the appropriate verbal tense marker is suffixed to the predicate, as in ''"Keslib-ar, attim wakkaslub"'' ("He was a puppy, now he's an adult dog"). Pronominal affixes are suffixed to their predicates, as in ''"Minhast-ek"'' ("I am Minhast"). Tense markers, when they appear, come before the pronominal affix, as in ''"Minhast-ar-ek"'' ("I was Minhast"). |
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| | <!-- |
| == Texts == | | == Texts == |
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| === The Tower of Babel ===
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| # Now the whole earth had one language and the same words.
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| # And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
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| # And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar.
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| # Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth."
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| # And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built.
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| # And the Lord said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do. And nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them.
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| # Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech."
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| # So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city.
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| # Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth.<br/><br/>
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| # Mattim šūmī min kirim šarraktī, irriyērum kastarmaharaban, wa'atim.
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| # Wahēk, redad wayyaħna min ambunistikī yalkikmiraban, Šinarkī takušš naħkisaššiatikkenaru.
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| # Indikirišmattararannamā: "Iggar išpisaxtakyatapirmannēruš." Mattim iggar, hambin banak. Mattim issik, hambin nayyapi.
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| # Indikirišmattararannamā: "Hawassabummurratħakaš, šuxtānaran tuyye amandimahampinaft hawassaptirħakuš. Hintirissakšarmakkakannimmāš šarratim suharaktikī tandikaħsaħptarikmaš."
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| # Wahēk, Šuxtānim Ikkūne hārannimā, ummurrat sut tuyyēran sararampi, išpiħyimannarunaft sarmannaru.
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| # Wahēk, Šuxtānim Ikkūne kirimarannamā: "Sapim redad šūmikman, šūmī min kirimaran ittaħšikman, indikanawikmabampi, rearan markanawikminesampiš."
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| # "Wahēk, iknahakmannimāš, kirinseššente haradaknesunimmāš, kirimtarseššentēran ikšempihikminesampiš."
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| # Wahēk, Šuxtānim Ikkūnede išpiknatarkennarunimmā ummurratiyār iknikmaran.
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| # Atim waggabgabalaram hittinristirħaku, Šuxtānim Ikkūnede kirimseššente išpikšempiharu, šarrat min suharaktillidēran išpiknatarkennaru.
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| === Sapim Tayatta ("This Poison") ===
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| This is a Horse Speaker poem, also known as “The Shaman Answers the Friar”
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| <blockquote>
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| Matti waddanua hittimtaru,<br/>
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| Tayatta min dannua išpisassambelampi.<br/>
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| Sakuki tanessatayattamminesaš,<br/>
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| Naššiyekitturħamminesašaft taklahwinittamumāš<br/>
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| Uggunki bastettayattatittemumāš, nuskikakkuneknesumāš,<br/>
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| Harattayatteknesunimmāš nurrekeknesuš.<br/>
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| Matti wayyuhar hittimtaru,<br/>
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| Tayatta min yuhar išpisaxtisassambelan.<br/>
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| Yuhar wattakalluttayattamminesaš,<br/>
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| Naššiyekitturħamminesašaft taklahwinittamumāš;<br/>
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| Uggunki bastettayattatittemumāš, āpirki yippehetireknesunimmāš,<br/>
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| Siyyekimtahaš, tayatta min yuhar saxtisassamaħnesaš<br/>
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| Matti wasattawa hittimtaru,<br/>
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| Suruššis kay awwakukmaħ, tanakkurennennesuš!<br/>
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| Tadutyattunnemumāš,<br/>
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| Naššiyekitturħamminesašaft taklahwinittamumāš;<br/>
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| Uggunki bastettayattatittemumāš, āpirki yippehetireknesunimmāš,<br/>
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| Aškunnesammāš, turħamte keħrinesaš .<br/>
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| Matti wašširkat tašširkamtattamaru,<br/>
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| Širkat dutyattutamabu.<br/>
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| Taxrikaħsašširkattarmannenesumāš
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| tasuyyekna’ennemki ittahišširkatmakkaknesuš, <br/>
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| Wahēk naššiyekitturħamminesašaft taklaħwinittamumāš;<br/>
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| Uggunki bastettayattatittemumāš, āpirki yippehetireknesunimmāš,<br/>
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| Āpirki saxtipayyakminesmāš, yurrudatarminesuš.<br/>
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| Sap min turħa ittaħšittūmanšaranaft išpissiblultireknesuš,<br/>
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| Turħa taħlimmatišan, intakwasktireknesumāš išpissiblultireknesuš.<br/>
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| Hatā tartarrak išpirakne’ennennesumāš tašpiħyennesuš<br/>
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| Naššiyekitturħamminesašaft taklaħwinittamumāš;<br/>
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| Tūmantinnemte išpintettennesumāš, intakwasktireknesuš.<br/>
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| Urruħyaknagikkitireknesumāš, intaharattireknesuš.<br/>
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| Turħa taħlimmatišanaft hittettemunaft, wassap min hukkemp,<br/>
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| Taħtemaran intattaħšisakšarampamā tukkišampamā inturruttaršampi;<br/>
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| Inturrustuyyeknaštaršaban, inturruddeltaršaban,<br/>
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| Tayatta hittitamannamā, “Sappu tektušmia”;<br/>
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| Sapim tayatta, wahatā’a nessannennesuš, <br/>
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| Išpikeħreammā, siyekkitennesumaš nistennesuš.<br/>
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| Iknitamaš, kurtamammā, naš wa’asmuyyakkāhaltamanaft, iknitamaš!<br/>
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| Dūy min Kirimastaran iknitamanimmāš, tabbuktartakkemaš!<br/>
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| Kan wassappu immattannesammāš sirastammenesuš,<br/>
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| Immattannesammāš, galkemmipār daššilaptammenesuš;<br/>
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| Immattannesammāš, šarrakti daššilaptammenesuš,<br/>
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| Gāl min Kirimastaran bitamammāš, nistirasmatannesaš.<br/>
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| <hr/>
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| This is the water you offer us,<br/>
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| This is the poison that has rotted your minds.<br/>
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| Do not tell us that our spirits will burn,<br/>
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| If we do not drink it from its cup;<br/>
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| Place it on the table and I shall draw my sword out,<br/>
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| Thus shall I shatter its goblet, thus it shall spill onto the ground;<br/>
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| This is the circle you give us,<br/>
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| It has a poison that has rotted your minds.<br/>
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| Do not tell us that our spirits will burn,<br/>
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| If we do not eat this circle you have given;<br/>
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| Place it on the table and I shall cast it into the fire,<br/>
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| Thus it will burn in the fire, the poison will burn and die.<br/>
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| This is the jewelry you give us,<br/>
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| Though it is embossed in fine gold, we will not kiss it;<br/>
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| Do not tell us that our spirits will burn,<br/>
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| If we do not bow low before it;<br/>
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| Place it on the table and I shall cast it into the fire,<br/>
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| There it will melt, and its spirit shall die.<br/>
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| These are the writings you have written,<br/>
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| These are the writings you give obeisance to;<br/>
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| Do not tell us that our spirits will burn,<br/>
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| If we do not read it and take it into our hearts;<br/>
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| Place it on the table and I shall cast it into the fire,<br/>
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| Into ashes it shall burn, and then the wind shall take it away.<br/>
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| The spirit that resides in it, I shall drive out,<br/>
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| This is a vile spirit, I will destroy it and cast it out.<br/>
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| Do not tell us that our spirits will burn,<br/>
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| If we do not accept this abomination and raise it high;<br/>
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| Bring it into our abode and I shall destroy it,<br/>
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| I will grind it under my foot, I will crush it with all my might.<br/>
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|
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| This evil spirit you offer us, the one that has seized you tightly,<br/>
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| Like a viper it has bitten you, and it has wrapped itself tightly;<br/>
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| It wraps itself tight around your heart and your mind,<br/>
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| You offer us its venom, you say it is a gift;<br/>
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| We will not drink this poison you give us,<br/>
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| It is a dangerous thing, so we will burn it and cast it outside.<br/>
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| Get away from us, you who are dressed in black robes,<br/>
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| Go to the Salmon Speakers, so they can cut you to pieces;<br/>
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|
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| Else if you remain here, we shall ride you down;<br/>
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| Stay here and we will take to our horses,<br/>
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| Stay here and we will run you into the ground;<br/>
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| Return to Horse Speaker Country, and you forfeit your lives.
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| </blockquote>
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