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===Crane Speaker Dialect Phonotactics Table === | ===Crane Speaker Dialect Phonotactics Table === | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" | ||
! rowspan=2 | Initial Consonant | ! rowspan=2 | Initial Consonant | ||
! colspan=18| Final Consonant | ! colspan=18| Final Consonant | ||
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* Time - Quasi-verb NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect) | * Time - Quasi-verb NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect) | ||
* Instrument: Type I Noun Incorporation, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb" | * Instrument: Type I Noun Incorporation, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb" | ||
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=== Derivational Affixes === | === Derivational Affixes === | ||
There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI. | There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI. The most frequently encountered ones are listed in the following table. | ||
{| | {| | ||
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| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna" | | style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== Morphosyntax == | == Morphosyntax == | ||
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=== Conjunctions and Connectives=== | === Conjunctions and Connectives=== | ||
Minhast has two classes of morphemes for joining two or more NPs into a larger phrase, one set being conjunctions, and another set called either ''ligatures'' or ''connectives'' which bind either mutually interdependent NPs (e.g. possessive phrases), or adjuncts to the nuclear clause. Most of the Minhast linguistic literature uses the latter term ''connectives'', as in this article. The purpose of both conjunctions and connectives is to link two or more entities or structures together to form a cohesive unit. However, there are major differences between the two. Conjunctions simply link a series of NPs with no implication that the individual NP units are interdependent. | Minhast has two classes of morphemes for joining two or more NPs into a larger phrase, one set being conjunctions, and another set called either ''ligatures'' or ''connectives'' which bind either mutually interdependent NPs (e.g. possessive phrases), or adjuncts to the nuclear clause. Most of the Minhast linguistic literature uses the latter term ''connectives'', as in this article. The purpose of both conjunctions and connectives is to link two or more entities or structures together to form a cohesive unit. However, there are major differences between the two. Conjunctions simply link a series of NPs with no implication that the individual NP units are interdependent. The connectives, on the other hand, are required for interdependent NPs or other adjuncts (e.g. evidential particles), otherwise the phrase would be ungrammatical when the connective is omitted. An example would be a possessive construction; omission of the connective min render the sentence ungrammatical because two NPs, namely the possessor and possessum, are “stranded”, and a possessive relationship cannot be inferred from the stranded NPs. | ||
====Conjunctions==== | ====Conjunctions==== | ||
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====Connectives==== | ====Connectives==== | ||
There are two major connectives. | There are two major connectives. One binds only NPs together, while the other binds a NP or adjunct (e.g. evidentials) and a clause together. The first type of connective, called the ''min''-connective, is used most notably for creating possessive phrases, although it is involved in the formation of other NP-NP structures. The other is called the ''wa''-connective and is used to bind adjuncts to clauses. The two connectives are described in further detail below. | ||
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! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! f,g,h,k,m,p,r,s, | ! f, g, h, k, m, p, r, s, ś, (w), y, z | ||
| min | | min | ||
| | | | ||
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==== Copula ==== | ==== Copula ==== | ||
Minhast is a zero-copula language and thus lacks the verb "to be". | Minhast is a zero-copula language and thus lacks the verb "to be". Instead, a NP and its predicate argument are simply juxtaposed, as in ''"Anyar Minhast"'' ("Anyar is Minhast"). The NP may precede or follow its predicate, but generally the unmarked word order is NP + Predicate. | ||
Copular clauses are negated with the negation particle ''hatā''' (no, not). This particle can either precede or follow its argument; both ''"Kaslub hatā'"'' and ''"Hatā' kaslub"'' ("It is not a dog") are correct. Nouns can take tense markers. Thus, if tense needs to be indicated, the appropriate verbal tense marker is suffixed to the predicate, as in ''"Keslib-ar, attim wakkaslub"'' ("He was a puppy, now he's an adult dog"). Pronominal affixes are suffixed to their predicates, as in ''"Minhast-ek"'' ("I am Minhast"). Tense markers, when they appear, come before the pronominal affix, as in ''"Minhast-ar-ek"'' ("I was Minhast"). | Copular clauses are negated with the negation particle ''hatā''' (no, not). This particle can either precede or follow its argument; both ''"Kaslub hatā'"'' and ''"Hatā' kaslub"'' ("It is not a dog") are correct. Nouns can take tense markers. Thus, if tense needs to be indicated, the appropriate verbal tense marker is suffixed to the predicate, as in ''"Keslib-ar, attim wakkaslub"'' ("He was a puppy, now he's an adult dog"). Pronominal affixes are suffixed to their predicates, as in ''"Minhast-ek"'' ("I am Minhast"). Tense markers, when they appear, come before the pronominal affix, as in ''"Minhast-ar-ek"'' ("I was Minhast"). | ||
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== Texts == | == Texts == | ||
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