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====Dative and genitive constructions====
====Dative and genitive constructions====
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
.
====Derivational affixes====
====Derivational affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marker !! rowspan=2| Meaning
|-
! ‹› !! // !! {{sc|gloss}} !! Name !! Slot
|-
| -(i)ti || i.ti || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || Derives agent nouns from other common nouns or from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to use the noun (instrumental construction) or to perform or partake in the verb's action.
|-
| -(s)im || sim || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from verbs.
|-
| -(r)in || ɾin || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from other common, but non-agent nouns.
|-
| -Can || [C]an || {{sc|res}} || resultative || || Derives nouns resulting of an action. (e.g. ''mar'' to.carve, ''marran'' carved.item, statue; ''mĕr'' to.write, ''mĕrran'' letter, written symbol)
|-
| y(V)- || j_ || {{sc|nlz}} || nominalizer || || (See ''"Nominalization of a locative adverb"'')
|-
| =la- || la || {{sc|hyl}} || hylic || 1 || Material commonly associated with the noun (e.g. ''-ne-'' trees, ''-ne=la-'' wood)
|-
| -aš || aʃ || {{sc|tool}} || tools || || Tool associated with the verb or noun which it modifies.
|-
<!--
| nŭ- || nu || NEG || negation, || ||
|-
-->
|}
====Compounding====
====Compounding====
=====Genitive compounds=====
=====Genitive compounds=====
Genitive compounds are usually binary structures of elements of the same or different parts of speech, though some tripartite compounds can arise. In binary structures, the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound. The following compositions are the most common:
:i) A noun₁+noun₂ compound: will yield a compound noun that pertains both elements.
:ii) A noun+verb compound: will yield a noun after the scheme: [noun]-used.for/used.to-[verb]
:iii) A verb₁+verb₂ compound: will yield a compound verb that pertains both elements
:iv) A verb+noun compound: will yield a verb after the scheme: [verb]>>[noun]
When a noun is the first element in a compound, it will be rendered in its construct state (CS) after the following scheme:
:(1) [√-C] → +V(√) if [√C-] | +V(√)m if [√V-]
:(2) [√-V] → +Ø if [√C-] | +m if [√V-]
<small>
::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, the CS of that root will be either i) √+V(√) if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+V(√)m if it begins with a vowel.
::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, the CS of that root will be either i) √+Ø if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+m if it begins with a vowel.
</small>
The roots of verbs have no CS and the morphemes are subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
Examples:
Composition i) noun₁+noun₂
::{|
|-
| Noun₁: ''ĕl'' /øl/ flesh; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''ĕlĕ-'' {ĕl=ĕ}
|-
| Noun₂: ''ne'' /ne/ trees {tree:COL}
|-
|
|-
| ''‹ĕlĕne›''
|-
| /ˈø.lø.ne/
|-
| {ĕl=ĕ-ne}
|-
| {flesh=CS-tree:COL}
|-
| ''“tree-flesh; wood”''
|}
Composition ii) noun+verb
::{|
|-
| Noun: ''kaš'' /kaʃ/ sticks {stick:COL}; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''kaša-'' {kaš=a}
|-
| Verb: ''kĕs'' /køs/ to hit
|-
|
|-
| ''‹kašakĕs›''
|-
| /ˈka.ʃa.køs/
|-
| {kaš=a-kĕs}
|-
| {stick:COL=CS-to.hit}
|-
| ''“hit-sticks; clubs, maces”''
|-
|}
Composition iii) verb₁+verb₂
::{|
|-
| Verb₁: ''mĕn'' /ˈmøn/ to.fly
|-
| Verb₂: ''koteš'' /ko.ˈteʃ/ to.hand.over
|-
|
|-
| ''‹mĕngoteš›''
|-
| /ˈmøn.go.teʃ/
|-
| {mĕn-koteš}
|-
| {to.fly-to.hand.over}
|-
| ''"to fly”'' (transitive)
|-
|}
Composition iv) verb+noun
::{|
|-
| Verb: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
|-
| Noun: ''nela'' /ne.la/ {ne=la} trees-HYL, wood
|-
|
|-
| ''‹maxnela›''
|-
| /ˈmax.ne.la/
|-
| {max-(ne=la)}
|-
| {to.cut-wood}
|-
| ''“to cut wood; woodcutting”''
|-
|}
<!--
=====Special compositional functions of verbs=====
=====Special compositional functions of verbs=====
There are some verbs that, being the determinans in a type iii composition (verb₂), act differently than in isolation or as the determinatum of such a composition.
- The verbs ‹kĕs› /køs/ to.hit and ‹huš› /ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn.
They may both act like intensifiers, either forming new lexemes or acting as intensive aspect marker. The verb kĕs to.hit is mostly used for motion verbs, the verb huš to.burn mostly for stative or abstract verbs.
Examples:
to.cleave
Verb₁: max /max/ to.cut
Verb₂: kĕs /køs/ to.hit
‹mankĕs›
/ˈman.køs/
{max-kĕs}
{to.cut-to.hit}
“to.cleave”
to.glare
Verb₁: ala /ˈa.la/ to.see
Verb₂: huš /ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn
‹alahuš›
/ˈa.la.hɯʃ/
{ala-huš}
{to.see-to.burn}
“to.glare”
- The verb ___
=====Dative compounds=====
=====Dative compounds=====
Dative compounds are binary structures, mainly nominal compounds that portray some form of possession (dativus possesivus). The elements can be nominal roots or nominalized verbal roots, adjectives and adverbs. The compositions follow the structure noun₁+noun₂, where the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound.
The elements of the dative compound are preceded by the pertinent dative case marker DAT depending on the gender and number of the determinatum. Furthermore, the determinatum is suffixed as follows:
(1) [√-C] → -i if [√C-] | -Ø if [√V-]
(2) [√-V] → -Ø if [√C-] | -t if [√V-]
(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, then it will be suffixed either with –i/-ĭ if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant or not suffixed if it begins with a vowel.
(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, then it will be either not suffixed if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant, or with -t if it begins with a vowel.
The determinatum suffix is glossed with DS (“determinatum suffix”). The morphemes are then subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
This kind of “triple” marking of the dererminatum (syntactically, through the position in the compound, and morphologically, through prefixation of DAT and suffixation as described above) allows that one of the two morphological ones can be dropped, most typically the DAT prefixation. As the compound attained through a dative of possession can be treated as a noun, this allows for the absolutive case marker ABS to be attached directly to the determinatum instead of to the DAT.
Examples:
-C•C-
Regular form
BALMARAX NELEMER
bVl-mar-Vx nelem-Vr Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET forests-COL.DET-IND
“to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
The forests of the hill
Compound form
BALLARINELEM
bVl-mar-i-nelem-Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-forests-COL.DET-IND
“to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
The forests of the hill
Regular form
BALMARAX NĒR
bVl-mar-Vx ne-Vr Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET trees-COL.DET-IND
“to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
The trees of the hill
Compound form
BALLARINE
bVl-mar-i-ne-Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-trees-IND
“to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
The trees of the hill
-V•V-
Regular form
Compound form
This kind of compounding is also used to form many words referring to places where something is made or found. This takes different general descriptive words for different kinds of places as determiners in the DEF.SING form. For buildings, it takes the word house, en. For open spaces, it takes the word field, bĕ.
For instance, ‘bakery’ would be bŭllŭkenex {bVl-vŭk-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to breads, the house”. Also, the word for ‘_______{something with field}’ would be __bẹ̄x {(dat)-_-(DS)-bĕ-Vx}, literally “”. Furthermore, the word for arsenal or armory, both “weapon storage” and “weapon manufacture”, would be balgašenex {bVl-kaša(s̆)-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to weapons, the house”; this could then be furtherly disambiguated using either __{to.store-weapon=DS-…} for the manufacture or __{to.make-weapon=DS-…} for the storage (SEE NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS).
====Nominalization====
====Nominalization====
NLZ
‹y(V)-›
/j_/
{jV-}
=====Nominalization of a verb=====
=====Nominalization of a verb=====
A verb can be nominalized through the reduplication of the verbal root, which undergoes a mutation of its onset. Regular sandhi rules also apply to this forms. This yields a noun that is an instance of the action conveyed by the verb. This compositions take the following forms:
Replacement of the first consonant through /m/ in the iteration:
[√-C], [√-V]  √C•{C>m}V-
-fricative
kĕs to.hit _________ kĕsmĕs strikes
max to.cut ________ maxmax cuts
-nasal
vun to.grow _______ vunnun (<vunmun) growth
mĕn to.fly ________ mĕnnĕn (<mĕnmĕn) flights
-liquid
mŭr to.(be).ill ______ mŭrmŭr illnesses
bul to.go __________ bullul (<bulmul) ways
-vowel
reta to.eat _______ retama (retam’a < retameta) meals
Lenition of stops:
[√-C], [√-V] → √C•{C+lenition}V-
-nasal
-liquid
-vowel
vun to.grow _______ vunnun (<vunmun) growth
Epenthesis of /b/:
VC roots → VC•{b}•VC
ĕl to.__ _________ ĕppĕl (<ĕlbĕl) ___
on to.__ _________ ommon (<onbon) ___
ŭr to.speak _______ ŭrbŭr speech
ala to.perceive ________ alabal(a)
Verbs that are already composite are normally nominalized with the prefixation of the nominalizer NLZ y(V)- to this same effect.
=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
A locative (essive) adverbs can be nominalized with use of the nominalizer prefix NLZ y(Y)-. In contrast to what happens with locative and lative adverbs on their own, nominalized locative adverbs can be modified by grammatical case and become the theme (T) or object (O) of a sentence
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
NLZ GRAMMATICAL
CASE √ DEICTIC DETERMINER QUANTIFIER
ADVERB (LOCATIVE/LATIVE) + + + +
NOMINALIZATION OF A LOCATIVE ADVERB NLZ PART ABS
ACC
DAT + + + +
E.g.:
‹nekilixtir› ‹yenekilixtir›
/ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/ /je.ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/
{ne•kil•Vx•tVr} {yV•ne•kil•Vx•tVr}
tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME NLZ-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
"on top of some trees" "the top of some trees"
From wich, for instance:
‹xomaxram yēkennekilixtir›
/xo.ˈma.xɾam ˈjeː.ken.ne.ki.ˌlix.tiɾ/
{ xo•max•ram ye•eken•ne•kil•ix•tir}
{C₂o max-hɾam yV•VkVn•ne•kil•Vx•tVr}
PER.ANIM-to.cut-NPR.ANIM.MASC.1S NLZ-ABS.INAN.PL-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
"I (masc.) cut (past) the top of some trees"
====Hypocoristics====
====Hypocoristics====
Some hypocoristics have since been lexicalized (e.g. yĕmĕr writing, yĕmĕrĭš “little writing” > letter)
To convey an aversive case and it’s opposite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_case
=====Diminutives=====
=====Diminutives=====
-iš/-ĭš
=====Augmentatives=====
=====Augmentatives=====
-(h)kur/-(h)kŭr
=====Superlatives=====
=====Superlatives=====
-->
===Negation===
===Negation===
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
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