640
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(Polar Questions) |
(Other interrogatives) |
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Line 3,180: | Line 3,180: | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, no /nɔ/ and nay /nai/. | Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, no /nɔ/ (known as general negation) and nay /nai/ (known as specific negation). | ||
====The Particle no /nɔ/==== | ====The Particle no /nɔ/ (General Negation)==== | ||
The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | ||
Line 3,204: | Line 3,204: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | ||
Line 3,218: | Line 3,218: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | ||
Line 3,232: | Line 3,232: | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NEG || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is). | ''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is). | ||
Line 3,243: | Line 3,243: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else). | Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else). | ||
Line 3,256: | Line 3,256: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| no || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù | | no.GEN || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NEG || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
====The Particle nay /nai/==== | ====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)==== | ||
This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g. | This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g. | ||
Line 3,275: | Line 3,275: | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | | soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them). | Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them). | ||
Line 3,300: | Line 3,300: | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG || red.VFCS | | frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG.SPFC || red.VFCS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog, which didn't die, was red. | The frog, which didn't die, was red. | ||
Line 3,325: | Line 3,325: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG | | soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG.SPFC | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | ||
Line 3,332: | Line 3,332: | ||
===Polar Questions=== | ===Polar Questions=== | ||
A Yes/No question is formed by using either the particle du /du/, or /ka/ /ka/. | A Yes/No question is formed by using either the particle du /du/, or /ka/ /ka/. These are known as the general and specific interrogatives respectively, and the usage of them very closely parallels the /no/ and /nai/ negative particles. | ||
====The Particle du==== | ====The Particle du (General Interrogative)==== | ||
The normal way to ask a polar question is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | The normal way to ask a polar question is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | ||
Line 3,357: | Line 3,357: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting frogs? | Are soldiers hunting frogs? | ||
Line 3,371: | Line 3,371: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting frogs? | Are soldiers hunting frogs? | ||
Line 3,385: | Line 3,385: | ||
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| INT || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)? | Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)? | ||
Line 3,396: | Line 3,396: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT || frog.ABS | | soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT.GEN || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)? | Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)? | ||
Line 3,413: | Line 3,413: | ||
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| INT || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | | INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 3,428: | Line 3,428: | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT || frog.ABS | | soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)? | Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)? | ||
Line 3,453: | Line 3,453: | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT || red.VFCS | | frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT.SPFC || red.VFCS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Was it the frog that died that was red? | Was it the frog that died that was red? | ||
Line 3,478: | Line 3,478: | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT | | soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT.SPFC | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)? | Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)? | ||
===Other Questions=== | |||
There are a whole host of other question particles in Antarctican, all of which have general and specific forms which follow the same syntactic rules as above. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative !! General !! Specific | |||
|- | |||
| Where / Which || duku || tuovi | |||
|- | |||
| When || tùownká || taensi | |||
|- | |||
| How (asking for a description) || duonna || chuowan | |||
|- | |||
| How much / How many / To what extent || kùey || chetnay | |||
|- | |||
| Why || tówta || tanmay | |||
|} | |||
Below are some example questions using the words for "where": | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || duku || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs? | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| duku || sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs? | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || duku || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔamelaikɨɦ || duku || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || where.GEN || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where? | |||
As a specific interrogative particle, tuovi puts emphasis on a particular part of the question e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdla || amielaeychu || tuovi || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || tuɥi || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || where.SPFC || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)? | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || tuovi || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || tuɥi || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || where.SPFC || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
The frog that died where was red? | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla || tuovi | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || tuɥi | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || where.SPFC | |||
|} | |||
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)? | |||
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