Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican (view source)

Revision as of 06:56, 1 March 2013

2,607 bytes added ,  1 March 2013
Other interrogatives
(Polar Questions)
(Other interrogatives)
Line 3,180: Line 3,180:
===Negation===
===Negation===


Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, no /nɔ/ and nay /nai/.
Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, no /nɔ/ (known as general negation) and nay /nai/ (known as specific negation).


====The Particle no /nɔ/====
====The Particle no /nɔ/ (General Negation)====


The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g.
The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g.
Line 3,204: Line 3,204:
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
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| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
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| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| NEG || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
Line 3,243: Line 3,243:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Line 3,256: Line 3,256:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| no || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù
| no.GEN || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| NEG || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}




====The Particle nay /nai/====
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====


This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.
This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.
Line 3,275: Line 3,275:
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Line 3,300: Line 3,300:
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG.SPFC || red.VFCS
|}
|}
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
Line 3,325: Line 3,325:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG.SPFC
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).
Line 3,332: Line 3,332:
===Polar Questions===
===Polar Questions===


A Yes/No question is formed by using either the particle du /du/, or /ka/ /ka/. The usage of these very closely parallels the /no/ and /nai/ negative particles.
A Yes/No question is formed by using either the particle du /du/, or /ka/ /ka/. These are known as the general and specific interrogatives respectively, and the usage of them very closely parallels the /no/ and /nai/ negative particles.




====The Particle du====
====The Particle du (General Interrogative)====


The normal way to ask a polar question is to put this immediately before the verb e.g.
The normal way to ask a polar question is to put this immediately before the verb e.g.
Line 3,357: Line 3,357:
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Line 3,371: Line 3,371:
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Line 3,385: Line 3,385:
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| INT || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Line 3,396: Line 3,396:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Line 3,413: Line 3,413:
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| INT || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}


Line 3,428: Line 3,428:
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Line 3,453: Line 3,453:
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT.SPFC || red.VFCS
|}
|}
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Line 3,478: Line 3,478:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT.SPFC
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
===Other Questions===
There are a whole host of other question particles in Antarctican, all of which have general and specific forms which follow the same syntactic rules as above.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Interrogative !! General !! Specific
|-
| Where / Which || duku || tuovi
|-
| When || tùownká || taensi
|-
| How (asking for a description) || duonna || chuowan
|-
| How much / How many / To what extent || kùey || chetnay
|-
| Why || tówta || tanmay
|}
Below are some example questions using the words for "where":
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sowdlan || duku || amielaykùe || wùerù
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| duku || sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù
|-
| duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || duku || wùerù
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔamelaikɨɦ || duku || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || where.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?
As a specific interrogative particle, tuovi puts emphasis on a particular part of the question e.g.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sowdla || amielaeychu || tuovi || wùerù
|-
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || tuɥi || wɨɦʁuɦ
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || where.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || tuovi || `rèdla
|-
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || tuɥi || ʁɘɦdɮa
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || where.SPFC || red.VFCS
|}
The frog that died where was red?
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla || tuovi
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || tuɥi
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || where.SPFC
|}
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?




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