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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Polar Questions
(Ditransitive Verbs) |
(Polar Questions) |
||
| Line 2,700: | Line 2,700: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PS || day || die || daw | | 3PS || day || die || daw | ||
|- | |||
| Who / What || wu || hiew || ri | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 3,178: | Line 3,180: | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Negation in Antarctican is | Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, no /nɔ/ and nay /nai/. | ||
====The Particle no /nɔ/==== | ====The Particle no /nɔ/==== | ||
| Line 3,275: | Line 3,277: | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | | soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else). | Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them). | ||
| Line 3,326: | Line 3,328: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | ||
===Polar Questions=== | |||
A Yes/No question is formed by using either the particle du /du/, or /ka/ /ka/. The usage of these very closely parallels the /no/ and /nai/ negative particles. | |||
====The Particle du==== | |||
The normal way to ask a polar question is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers are hunting frogs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || du || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Are soldiers hunting frogs? | |||
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || du || amielaeychu || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || INT || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Are soldiers hunting frogs? | |||
The default position for the particle is immediately before the verb, however it can be moved to in front of a noun as well. Doing so puts emphasis on questioning that noun;s involvement in the event being described, rather than whether or not the event actually happened e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| du || sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| INT || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)? | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || du || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)? | |||
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "amielaykùe" here would be ungrammatical. | |||
Also note that, if a noun is topicalised, then the particle cannot occur before it. So the following sentence is ungrammatical: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| du || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| INT || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
====The Particle ka==== | |||
This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdla || amielaeychu || ka || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)? | |||
It is also used for questioning a verb in a relative clause e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
The frog, which died, was red. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || ka || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
Was it the frog that died that was red? | |||
And since Antarctican makes no distinction between adjectives and verbs, and hence no distinction between an attributive adjective (one describing a noun), and a verb in a relative clause, this particle is also used to question adjectives when they are describing nouns e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla || ka | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT | |||
|} | |||
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)? | |||