Bźatga: Difference between revisions

Bźatga (view source)

Revision as of 09:59, 22 June 2016

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→‎Nouns

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 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case, number and definiteness. There are two cases in the singular: the '''Nominative-Accusative''' (NA) which is used for the subject and direct object of verbs; and the '''Oblique''' (O) which is used following prepositions and in some other constructions. Case is not marked in the plural.
+Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case and number. There are two cases in the singular: the '''Nominative-Accusative''' (NA) which is used for the subject and direct object of verbs; and the '''Oblique''' (O) which is used following prepositions and in some other constructions. Case is not marked in the plural.
 Nouns belong to one of four declensions based on the NASg. Indef:
 * 1st and 2nd declension end in a vowel (''-a'' or ''-e'')
 * 3rd declension end in a consonant
-* 4th declension have a stem in -n but a NASg Indef. in a vowel marked with a hook (e.g. ''aų'').
+* 4th declension have a stem in -n but a NASg in a vowel marked with a hook (e.g. ''aų'').
-Every noun has an '''Indefinite''' and a '''Definite''' form for each case and number. All definite nouns are declined according to the 1st declension though the noun is still considered to belong to its original declension. Definite forms are only used in the absence of another determiner, such as a possessive adjective, and are not usually used with proper nouns.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2;" colspan="2;"| Decl.
+! rowspan="2;" | Decl.
 ! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular
 ! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
@@ Line 319: / Line 317: @@
 ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
 |-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px;"| 1
+! align="center" style="width: 50px;"| 1
-! align="center" style="width: 75px;"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''dońa''
 | align="center"| ''dońu''
 | align="center"| ''dońi''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "person"
+| align="center" | "person"
 |-
-! align="center"| Def.
+! align="center" | 2
-| align="center"| ''dońida''
-| align="center"| ''dońidu''
-| align="center"| ''dońiẑi''
-|-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 2
-! align="center"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''sule''
 | align="center"| ''sule''
 | align="center"| ''sułi''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "sun"
+| align="center" | "sun"
 |-
-! align="center"| Def.
+! align="center" | 3
-| align="center"| ''sułida''
-| align="center"| ''sułidu''
-| align="center"| ''sułiẑi''
-|-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 3
-! align="center"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''troud''
 | align="center"| ''trouda''
 | align="center"| ''troude''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "foot"
+| align="center" | "foot"
 |-
-! align="center"| Def.
+! align="center" | 4
-| align="center"| ''trouẑida''
-| align="center"| ''trouẑidu''
-| align="center"| ''trouẑiẑi''
-|-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 4
-! align="center"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''aų''
 | align="center"| ''auna''
 | align="center"| ''aune''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "name"
+| align="center" | "river"
-|-
-! align="center"| Def.
-| align="center"| ''auńida''
-| align="center"| ''auńidu''
-| align="center"| ''auńiẑi''
 |}
 Notes:
-* stem-final consonants may undergo palatalisation in the Indefinite plural and all definite forms, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''.
+* stem-final consonants may undergo palatalisation in the plural, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''.
-* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.
+* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' and ''-u'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.
+* a group of 4th declension nouns has an NASg. in -C''ų'' (where C represents any consonant) but a stem in -C''on-'', e.g. ''camvų'' "whelp, lad", pl. ''camvone''.
 The following nouns are irregular:
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2;" colspan="2;"| Decl.
+! rowspan="2;" | Decl.
 ! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular
 ! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
@@ Line 383: / Line 358: @@
 ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
 |-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px" | 3
+! align="center" style="width: 50px" | 3
-! align="center" style="width: 75px;"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''źi''
 | align="center"| ''źija''
 | align="center"| ''źije''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "king"
+| align="center"| "king"
-|-
-! align="center"| Def.
-| align="center"| ''źîda''
-| align="center"| ''źîdu''
-| align="center"| ''źîẑi''
 |-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 3
+! align="center"| 3
-! align="center"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''bô''
 | align="center"| ''bova''
 | align="center"| ''bove''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "cow"
+| align="center" | "cow"
 |-
-! align="center"| Def.
+! align="center" | 3
-| align="center"| ''boîda''
-| align="center"| ''boîdu''
-| align="center"| ''boîẑi''
-|-
-! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 3
-! align="center"| Indef.
 | align="center"| ''aģi''
 | align="center"| ''aģa''
 | align="center"| ''aģe''
-| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "father"
+| align="center" | "father"
 |-
-! align="center"| Def.
-| align="center"| ''aģida''
-| align="center"| ''aģidu''
-| align="center"| ''aģiẑi''
 |}
 Like ''aģi'' are ''maģi'' "mother" and ''braģi'' "brother".
+===Articles===
+Bźatga has a definite article, ''-zda'', which is suffixed to the inflected form of the noun. The article itself must agree in case and number with the noun: NASg. ''-zda'', OSg. ''-zdu'' and Pl. ''-ẑi''.
+Examples:
+* ''verazda'' "the man"
+* ''meńiẑi'' "the women"
+* ''ca aunazdu'' "to the river"
+Use of the article is generally avoided wherever the sense of definiteness is stated or inferred from context. However, it may be added to ranks, relationship names or personal names to indicate deference and respect, e.g. ''maģizda'' "the mother", ''Dounźizda'' "the Dounźi''.
 ===Adjectives===