Cumbraek: Difference between revisions

* Aspiration: ''i h'ewidir'' "her uncle", ''an h'oungorn'' "our unicorn".  

===Vowel Mutations===

* the genitive of possession is shown by placing the genitive noun after the thing possessed (e.g. ''ti Neven'' 'Neven's house', ''gwrek mu tat'' 'my father's wife')

* some intransitive verbs such as ''devot'' 'come' and ''munet'' 'go' permit the indirect object to behave as if it were the direct object of a transitive verb, allowing the preposition to be dropped (e.g. compare ''mi carav Yowann'' 'I love John' with ''mi av Lounnen'' 'I am going (to) London').  

===Adjectives===

Most adjectives follow the noun they qualify and must agree in gender and number with that noun.  

Adjectives following feminine singular nouns undergo lentition (e.g. ''gwrek voar'' 'large woman'). Monosyllables containing either ''i'' or ''u'' as their main vowel also undergo [[Cumbraek#Vowel Mutations|Feminisation]], i.e. the change of ''i'' → ''e'' and ''u'' → ''o'' (e.g. ''ci gwinn, cath wenn'' "white dog, white cat", ''gur druk, gwrek dhrok'' "bad man, bad woman'"). Certain adjectives with ''i'' resist this change, e.g. ''gwir'' "true", ''dir'' "certain", ''hir'' "long", ''trist'' "sad".

====Comparison====

The '''comparative''' adjective is formed by adding ''-ach'' "-er" to the positive adjective, and the '''superlative''' takes ''-hav'' "-est" (e.g. ''gwinnach'' "whiter", ''gwinnhav'' "whitest", ''caledach'' "harder", ''calettav'' "hardest").  

| ''mi''

| ''-m''

|-

! style="" |2sg

| ''ti''

|-

! style="" |3sg m.

| ''ev''

|-

! style="" |3sg f.

| ''hi''

|-

! style="" |1pl

| ''ni''

|

|-

! style="" |3pl

| ''oo''

|

|}

| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | + ''a'' + verb / + copula

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | adjective

| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | + noun  

|-

! who

|

| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | + ''a'' + verb / + copula

|-

! how many

|

| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | + singular noun

|-

! where

|

| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | + verb

| ''pe vent''  

|

|}

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ema govnok warnav ey prenidh'' 'I hope that you buy it'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | the relative pronoun when the subject or object is antecedent

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Er din a garav'' 'The man whom I love'

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ei ath gar'' ''''I''' love you'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | used before the preterite to form the perfect tense:

* at the start of a sentence (spirantising)

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ru chuskus-ev er didh oll'' 'He has slept all day' <br> ''Er prit r'edes en newidh'' 'The meal which I have just eaten'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | affirmative, somewhat emphatic particle

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Nuw adwoynav de dat'' 'Indeed, I know your father'

! colspan="3" | Negative

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | used at the start of a sentence (spirantising)

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ne chassa Yowann Maylok'' 'John doesn't hate Maylok'

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Er ti ne leskis du'r loar'' 'The house that did not burn down'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | used before subordinate clauses

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Mi medhulyav ne do'' 'I think he won't come'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | used in replies

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Am ceridh? Na charav'' 'Do you love me? No'

! colspan="3" | Interrogative

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | used at the start of a direct question

| style="text-align:left;" | ''A dhowidh amm Dhiw Gwener?'' 'Are you coming on Friday?'

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ay Frankek a lavrant?'' 'Is is French that they speak?'

|-

| style="text-align:left;" | introduces a direct or indirect question expecting an affirmative answer

| style="text-align:left;" | ''Panem credidh?'' 'Don't you believe me?'

| ''amm'gerchin''

| around

| ''cerchin''

|-

| ''du'bant''

| down

| ''pant''

|-

| ''erbinn''

| against

| ''penn''

|-

| ''im'medhun''

| inside, within

| ''medhun''

|-

| ''o'benn''

| from against

| ''penn''

|-

| ''tra'chevin''

| behind

| ''cevin''

|-

| ''war'benn''

| on top of

| ''penn''

|-

* ''Rus celas-ev'' <br /> "He has hidden her"

* ''Ned oov ri Alban'' <br /> "I am not the king of Scotland"

* ''Neth gar-hi'' <br /> "She doesn't love you"

====Coordinate Sentences====

* ''Car Pedir Neven ag es gwil pownidh'' <br /> "Peter loves Neven and he sees her every day"

* ''Hi sellas truw er fenestir eythir ne welas nebot'' <br /> "She looked through the window but didn't see anything"